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JL.  H.  GORDON 


OLD  TIHf 

HMA11AN3 


AND 

THEIR  WORK 


G1HH  AMD  COMPANY 

BOSTON  •  NEW  YORK  •  CHIOI6&  -LONDON 


COPYRIGHT,  1912,  BY  MARY  S.  LAWRENCE 

ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED 

912.12 


atbtnatum 


G1NN  AND  COMPANY-  PRO- 
PRIETORS •  BOSTON  •  U.S.A. 


DEDICATED  TO 

THE  BOYS  AND  GIRLS  OF  THE 
HAWAIIAN  RACE 


JL.  Mo  GORDON 


This  book  was  written  primarily  to  supply  the  children 
of  Hawaii  with  a  history  of  their  own  race.  It  ought  to 
be  of  interest  also  to  children  in  America,  who  know  so 
much  about  their  Indian  neighbors,  but  have  only  a 
vague  conception  of  the  Hawaiian,  whose  interests  are 
so  closely  linked  with  their  own. 

As  an  aid  toward  writing  such  a  history  the  author 
studied  at  The  University  of  Chicago.  For  help  from  the 
standpoint  of  anthropology  and  of  the  child  she  is  espe- 
cially grateful  to  Katharine  E.  Dopp,  author  of  the  Indus- 
trial and  Social  History  Series,  and  to  Emily  J.  Rice,  at  the 
head  of  the  history  department  of  the  School  of  Education. 

After  preparing  the  manuscript  the  author  had  the  rare 
opportunity  of  using  it  in  her  own  class  of  Hawaiian  girls 
at  the  Kamehameha  School  for  Girls,  thus  being  able  to 
test  its  practicability  and  to  change  it  to  suit  the  needs 


viii         OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

of  the  child.  In  working  out  the  primitive  activities,  thanks 
are  due  to  W.  T.  Brigham  for  his  helpful  suggestions,  his 
courtesy  as  regards  the  use  of  the  collections  of  the  Bishop 
Museum,  and  his  aid  in  the  selection  of  photographs. 

Thanks  are  also  due  to  Dr.  N.  B.  Emerson  for  a  careful 
review  of  the  manuscript  and  helpful  suggestions,  and  to 
Thomas  Thrum  for  historical  corrections. 

The  tapa  design  for  the  cover  and  all  the  wash  draw- 
ings are  the  work  of  Grace  B.  Cross ;  the  frontispiece  is 
from  Caroline  Haskins  Gurrey's  collection  of  Hawaiian 
types,  which  was  exhibited  at  the  Alaska-Yukon-Pacific 
Exposition  at  Seattle ;  and  the  majority  of  the  photo- 
graphs were  taken  by  A.  R.  Gurrey,  Jr. 

In  the  pictures  of  primitive  life  much  that  is  cruel  and 
ugly  has  been  omitted  because  it  can  be  understood  in 
its  true  relation  only  by  the  anthropologist.  Emphasis  is 
laid  upon  the  activities  that  center  about  the  home. 

Hawaiian  folklore  is  too  meager  to  permit  the  child 
Keikiwai  to  be  a  real  personage,  so  a  character  was  chosen 
who  might  have  been  any  early  voyager,  in  order  to  give  the 
pupil  a  definite  picture  upon  which  to  base  his  study  of 
the  industries.  The  stories  of  heroism  need  no  explanation. 

In  the  search  for  subject  matter  all  available  material 

was  used,  but  special  mention  may  be  made  of  Ellis's 

'  Tour  through   Hawaii,"  Alexander's   "  History  of  the 

Hawaiian  People,"  Thrum's  "  Annual,"  Jarves's  "  History 

of  the  Hawaiian  People,"  and  publications  of  the  Bishop 

Museum, 

M.  S,  L, 


I*.  ML  GORDON 


PART  I.   VOYAGES  OF  LONG  AGO 

PAGE 

KEIKIWAI,  THE  WATER  BABY i 

THE  FIRST  PEOPLE  AND  HOW  THEY  CAME 16 

PART  II.    WORK  AND  PLAY  OF  LONG  AGO 

FISHING 23 

CANOE  BUILDING 30 

FARMING 34 

FIRE  AND  COOKING 37 

GOURDS  AND  CALABASHES 44 

BASKETS  AND  MATS 49 

TAPA  MAKING 54 

FEATHERWORK 58 

DRESS  AND  ORNAMENT 64 

ADZ  FACTORIES 68 

HOUSEBUILDING 71 

HOUSE  FURNISHING 75 

STONEWORK 79 

SONGS  AND  DANCES 82 

GAMES 85 

PART  III.    FAMOUS  HAWAIIANS 

UMI,  THE  MOUNTAIN  KING 93 

KAMEHAMEHA  THE  GREAT,  WHO  UNITED  THE  ISLANDS     ....  98 

is 


X  OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

PAGE 

POWERFUL  ENEMIES  OF  KAMEHAMEHA  I 

KEOUA  ON  HAWAII 116 

KAHEKILI,  THE  "THUNDER  OF  MAUI  "     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .  117 

KAIANA,  THE  REBEL 119 

KAUMUALII  ON  KAUAI 121 

POWERFUL  FRIENDS  OF  KAMEHAMEHA  I 

THE  FOUR  KONA  CHIEFS 126 

KALANIMOKU,  CALLED  THE  "IRON  CABLE  OF  HAWAII"     .     .  127 

JOHN  YOUNG  AND  ISAAC  DAVIS 127 

KAMEHAMEHA  II,  WHO  OVERTHREW  IDOLATRY 129 

NOBLE  WOMEN  WHO  AIDED  THE  SPREAD  OF  CHRISTIANITY 

KEOPUOLANI,  THE  "GATHERING  OF  THE  CLOUDS  OF  HEAVEN  "  135 

KAAHUMANU,  THE  "FEATHER  MANTLE"       136 

KAPIOLANI,  THE  "ARCH  OF  HEAVEN" 139 

KAMEHAMEHA  III,  WHO  GAVE  THE  PEOPLE  THE  FIRST  WRITTEN 

CONSTITUTION 142 

BERNICE  PAUAHI  BISHOP,  THE  PRINCESS  WHO  MIGHT  HAVE  BEEN 

QUEEN 159 

ALOHA  OE 162 

GLOSSARY 165 

INDEX 169 


GORDON 

INTRODUCTION 

The  Hawaiian  Islands  occupy  a  central  position  in 
the  North  Pacific  Ocean  and  lie  just  within  the  tropics. 
They  are  about  2100  miles  from  San  Francisco  and  470x3 
miles  from  Manila. 

The  islands  form  a  chain  rather  than  a  group,  and  ex- 
tend from  northwest  to  southeast  for  a  distance  of  380 
miles.  The  eight  inhabited  ones  have  a  combined  area  of 
6454  square  miles.  In  the  order  of  size  they  are  Hawaii, 
Maui,  Oahu,  Kauai,  Molokai,  Lanai,  Niihau,  and  Kahoo- 
lawe.  Honolulu,  the  capital,  is  on  the  island  of  Oahu,  and 
has  a  population  of  about  45,000. 

The  first  inhabitants  migrated  from  Polynesia  about 
the  sixth  century  after  Christ.  After  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury the  voyages  ceased,  and  the  islands  were  cut  off  from 
communication  with  other  countries  until  1555,  in  which 
year  they  were  discovered  by  the  Spanish,  who  kept  the 
discovery  a  secret.  In  1778  the  English  rediscovered 
them  and  made  them  known  to  the  rest  of  the  world. 

At  that  time  Kamehameha  I  was  a  young  chief.  In 
1 795  he  united  all  the  windward  islands  (Oahu,  Molokai, 
Maui,  Lanai,  Kahoolawe,  and  Hawaii)  under  one  rule,  and 
in  1810  Kauai  was  ceded  to  him.  He  gave  the  people 
a  firm  government  and  did  away  with  the  wars  of  petty 


xil         OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

chiefs.  He  recognized  the  superiority  of  foreigners,  and 
courted  their  friendship  to  further  his  aims  and  to  advance 
his  country. 

A  new  epoch  begins  during  the  reign  of  his  son  Liho- 
liho,  who  became  Kamehameha  II  (1819-1824).  In  1819 
idolatry  was  overthrown,  and  the  following  year  saw  the 
introduction  of  Christianity.  Its  influence  was  felt  during 
the  reign  of  Liholiho's  brother  Kauikeaouli,  who  ruled  as 
Kamehameha  III  (1825-1854).  The  missionaries  reduced 
the  language  to  writing,  and  used  their  influence  toward 
good  laws  and  a  written  constitution.  The  next  two  rul- 
ers, Kamehameha  IV  (1855—1863)  and  Kamehameha  V 
(1863—1872),  were  sons  of  the  queen  regent  Kinau,  and 
grandsons  of  Kamehameha  I.  The  former,  with  his  wife, 
Queen  Emma,  will  be  gratefully  remembered  for  found- 
ing Queen's  Hospital  in  Honolulu.  Kamehameha  V  dis- 
approved of  some  of  the  reforms  of  Kamehameha  III. 
During  his  reign  a  new  constitution  was  framed  requiring 
educational  and  property  qualifications  for  voters. 

William  C.  Lunalilo,  a  grandnephew  of  Kamehameha 
I,  became  the  next  ruler  (1873-1874).  In  his  will  he 
provided  for  the  Lunalilo  Home  for  Aged  and  Poor 
Hawaiians.  As  he  was  the  last  of  the  Kamehamehas,  the 
legislature  chose  his  successor  from  the  descendants  of 
two  of  the  Kona  chiefs.  David  Kalakaua  (1874-1891) 
made  a  journey  around  the  world  to  gain  knowledge  con- 
cerning the  immigration  of  laborers  for  the  plantations. 
This  was  because  of  the  reciprocity  treaty  of  1876,  which 
gave  an  impetus  to  the  sugar  industry.  The  treaty  gave 


INTRODUCTION  xiii 

Pearl  Harbor  into  the  control  of  the  United  States,  and 
the  latter  admitted  Hawaiian  sugar  free  from  duty. 

Kalakaua  was  succeeded  by  his  sister  Liliuokalani 
(1891-1893).  She  attempted  to  change  the  constitution 
so  as  to  restore  the  old  powers  of  royalty.  The  revolution 
which  followed  resulted  in  the  overthrow  of  the  monarchy 
and  the  establishment  of  a  republic  with  Sanford  B.  Dole 
as  president.  On  August  12,  1898,  the  islands  were  an- 
nexed to  the  United  States,  and  in  1900  they  were  organ- 
ized as  a  territory. 

Their  central  position  has  made  them  of  importance 
from  both  a  military  and  a  commercial  standpoint.  As  a 
possession  of  the  United  States  they  have  become  widely 
known  for  the  beauty  and  grandeur  of  their  scenery,  and 
each  year  brings" an  increasing  number  of  Americans  to 
their  shores.  An  interest  in  the  Hawaiian  of  to-day  nat- 
urally leads  to  an  interest  in  his  ancestors  and  in  the  part 
which  they  played  in  the  making  of  Hawaii. 


I*  91.  GORDON 

OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND 
THEIR  WORK 

PART  I.  VOYAGES   OF   LONG  AGO 

KEIKIWAI,  THE  WATER   BABY 

I 

About  seven  hundred  years  ago  a  crowd  of  people 
were  gathered  on  the  shore  of  one  of  the  islands  of 
Hawaii.  They  were  dark-skinned,  with  coal-black  hair, 
and  wore  little  clothing  in  that  mild  climate.  The  men 
had  malos l  about  their  loins,  and  the  short  tapa  skirts  of 
the  women  came  just  below  their  knees. 

They  were  talking  loudly  and  pointing  out  to  sea, 
where  a  large  double  canoe  could  be  seen  through  the 
morning  mist.  They  could  hear  the  command  "Hoe, 
hoe  /"  and  could  see  the  flash  of  many  paddles.  Then 
the  strange  sea  bird  was  carried  ashore  on  a  huge  breaker, 
amid  the  shouts  of  the  people. 

Manuia,  the  fisherman,  forgot  everything  in  his  excite- 
ment. He  watched  the  chief  and  his  family  alight.  The 
chief's  wife  carried  a  bundle  wrapped  in  tapa,  which  she 
held  carefully,  although  she  looked  exhausted.  Keha, 
the  village  chief,  received  them  kindly  and  took  them 
into  his  royal  palace. 

1  A  pronouncing  list  of  Hawaiian  words  and  names  will  be  found  on  page  165. 


i 


2  OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

Manuia  then  turned  to  watch  the  pilot  and  the  hardy 
paddlers.  He  admired  their  skill  and  daring,  and  crept 
as  near  as  possible  to  hear  their  stories.  He  knew  that 
they  had  come  from  the  far-away  Kahiki,  where  he  had 
longed  to  go.  As  they  ate  and  drank  they  recounted 
their  experiences. 

"  We  have  been  many  moons  on  the  water,"  said  one, 
between  huge  mouthfuls  of  the  refreshing  poi.  '  The 
fierce  wind  gods  tried  to  wreck  us.  Our  priest  offered 
many  prayers  to  Kane-huli-koa,  and  we  made  offerings 
to  him.  Then  he  brought  mild  winds  and  sent  many 
fish  near  for  us  to  spear.  At  the  end  the  voyage  \vas 
hard,  for  our  food  was  scarce  and  the  nights  were  cold. 
Our  chief  is  a  brave  alii  to  bring  us  here  safely.  His 
singer  is  even  now  composing  a  mele  in  memory  of  the 
voyage." 

As  darkness  descended  Manuia  remembered  his  home. 
As  he  neared  his  canoe  he  heard  a  child's  cries,  and  to 
his  astonishment  found  a  wee  baby  rolled  up  in  tapa 
in  the  bow  of  the  boat.  He  did  not  connect  the  baby  with 
the  bundle  which  he  had  seen  in  the  queen's  arms.  He 
did  not  even  wonder  where  it  came  from,  for  his  faith  in 
the  gods  was  so  great  that  he  accepted  it  at  once  as  a 
present  from  them,  and  hurried  home  to  tell  his  family 
of  his  strange  adventure. 

There  was  much  excitement  over  the  new  baby,  and 
all  the  neighbors  rushed  in  to  get  a  look  at  it.  They  chat- 
tered away  in  a  noisy  chorus,  but  all  seemed  to  agree 
that  it  was  a  gift  of  the  gods.  It  was  a  common  thing 


KEIKIWAI,  THE  WATER  BABY  3 

for  people  to  adopt  children,  and  Lehua,  the  wife,  took 
her  new  charge  as  a  matter  of  course. 

As  she  unrolled  the  tapa  she  said :  "  The  baby  must 
have  come  from  Kahiki.  See,  the  tapa  is  a  different  pat- 
tern from  ours!  It  is  not  so  fine  in  quality  as  some  that 
I  have  made." 

The  baby  was  called  Keikiwai,  which  means  "water 
child,"  and  was  brought  up  with  the  other  children,  un- 
conscious of  his  foreign  birth. 

II 

Manuia's  children  lived  in  the  water  most  of  the  time. 
Keikiwai  learned  to  swim  as  soon  as  he  could  walk.  It 
was  not  long  before  he  could  catch  the  little  fishes,  which 
he  ate  raw.  He  could  dive  and  float  and  swim  with  his 
feet  interlocked.  Sometimes  he  stayed  under  water  so 
long  that  his  sister  Leilehua  was  alarmed.  He  was  fear- 
less, and  always  did  what  his  older  brother,  Kaipo,  dared 
him  to  do.  On  land  he  often  ran  races  with  Kaipo. 
Although  the  latter  was  taller,  Keikiwai  made  his  little 
legs  go  so  fast  that  he  usually  won. 

One  day  the  children  were  surf  riding.  "  See  the  little 
keiki,  "  exclaimed  Lehua,  who  was  taking  a  sun  bath  with 
Manuia  after  a  vigorous  swim.  Manuia  looked.  There 
was  Keikiwai  standing  on  his  surf  board,  balancing  him- 
self fearlessly  as  he  rode  in  on  a  huge  breaker.  Then  he 
changed  his  position  and  stood  on  his  head.  "  Why,  that 
is  better  than  I  can  do,"  said  the  proud  father,  excitedly. 
"But  wait!  he  will  have  a  tumble  before  he  reaches  shore." 


4  OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

On  came  the  child.  Every  one  stopped  to  watch  him, 
for  it  took  much  skill  to  keep  his  position.  As  he  neared 
the  shore  he  gave  his  board  a  mighty  push  which  sent 
it  upon  dry  land,  and  then  dived  into  the  water  and 
disappeared  from  sight.  The  people  cheered,  for  few 
experienced  men  could  have  done  better  in  so  rough  a 
sea.  "  He  is  surely  a  child  of  the  sea  god,"  said  Manuia ; 
"  I  will  take  him  to  fish  with  Kaipo  and  me." 

After  that,  while  Leilehua  was  helping  her  mother  make 
tapa  or  weave  mats,  Keikiwai  went  with  his  father  and 
brother  to  catch  fish.  Manuia  could  do  many  things,  and 
he  taught  his  boys  how  to  make  weapons  and  tools,  to 
cultivate  taro,  to  build  canoes.  But  he  loved  the  sea 
best,  and  had  become  famous  as  a  daring  fisherman.  So 
of  course  he  wanted  his  sons  to  know  all  about  the  sea. 
Kaipo  was  content  to  fish  from  the  canoe  with  a  net  or 
with  a  hook  and  line,  but  Keikiwai  liked  best  to  dive 
into  the  water  and  spear  the  fish. 

One  day  Manuia  and  Kaipo  were  busy  with  the  fish 
net  and  did  not  notice  the  approach  of  a  large  man-eating 
shark.  Keikiwai  saw  the  striped  pilot  fish1  first  and  seized 
a  spear.  Then  he  quietly  slid  into  the  water  and  lay  still. 
It  was  not  long  before  the  huge  shark  discovered  him. 
The  boy  remained  motionless  until  the  big  jaws  opened 
wide ;  then  with  a  quick  movement,  he  thrust  the  spear 
into  the  dangerous  throat,  pushing  it  with  all  his  strength. 
Manuia  turned  just  in  time  to  see  that  the  shark  was  dead. 

1  A  fish  of  the  mackerel  family,  which  is  said  to  accompany  a  shark  and  pilot 
it  to  its  food. 


KEIKIWAI,  THE  WATER  BABY  5 

There  was  no  prouder  boy  in  the  village  that  day 
than  Keikiwai.  His  mother  rewarded  him  with  a  large 
calabash  of  poi,  some  dried  shrimps,  and  some  baked 
sweet  potatoes.  Leilehua  rubbed  noses  with  him  and 
wept  for  joy.  She  made  lets  of  the  lehua  blossom,  which 
she  put  around  his  neck.  Even  the  pig  seemed  to  know 
that  he  was  the  favored  one,  and  came  up  to  be  petted 
by  him. 

For  many  days  after  that  Keikiwai  was  busy  making 
a  lei  of  the  shark's  teeth.  He  had  to  bore  a  hole  through 
each  tooth,  and  this  took  much  patience.  Then  he  made 
fishhooks  from  the  bones.  These  trophies  were  incen- 
tives to  do  more  brave  deeds. 

Ill 

One  day  Keikiwai  and  Kaipo  took  presents  of  fish  and 
tapa  to  the  great  chief,  Keha.  On  their  way  home  they 
passed  a  fishpond.  "Always  tabu,"1  said  Keikiwai  dis- 
contentedly, pointing  to  the  white  tapa  waving  in  the 
breeze,  which  meant  that  no  one  should  dare  to  catch 
any  fish.  "  Keha  has  too  many  fish.  I  defy  the  tabu." 
Thereupon  he  snatched  an  ama-ama,  or  mullet,  and 
crammed  it  down  his  throat. 

"  Flee  to  the  mountains !  "  cried  Kaipo,  very  excitedly. 
'  The  priest  was  looking.  Run  !  " 

Keikiwai  needed  no  second  warning.  He  saw  the 
priest  and  knew  that,  if  caught,  he  would  be  offered  in 

1  Forbidden  (see  p.  145).  In  the  Polynesian  tongues  this  word  is  accented  on 
the  first  syllable. 


6  OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

sacrifice  to  the  great  god  Ku.  Already  men  had  started 
in  pursuit  of  him.  Dogs  barked,  people  shouted,  and 
a  crowd  collected.  It  was  an  exciting  race.  To  Kaipo's 
great  relief  Keikiwai  gradually  gained  on  his  pursuers, 
and  he  was  far  ahead  of  them  when,  at  the  foot  of  the 
mountain,  he  disappeared  in  the  dense  foliage. 

With  gigantic  leaps  he  bounded  forward.  It  was  hard 
to  make  headway  through  the  tall  ferns  and  shrubs  which 
grew  thickly  between  the  trees.  The  shouts  of  his  pur- 
suers goaded  him  onward  and  upward.  Sometimes  the 
loose  rocks  gave  no  foothold,  and  he  slipped  back.  Often 
he  saved  himself  by  clinging  to  some  tough  vine. 

His  climb  led  him  across  the  winding  trail.  Once  he 
almost  ran  into  a  party  of  men  who  were  on  their  way 
to  the  adz  factory,  up  near  the  top  of  the  mountain. 
Keikiwai's  sudden  appearance  startled  them  as  he  leaped 
into  the  thicket. 

To  the  left  of  him  he  heard  men  felling  the  tall  forest 
trees.  He  could  hear  the  thud  of  their  adzes,  also  their 
laughs  and  shouts.  He  knew  that  they  were  getting 
material  for  a  grass  house  which  Keha  had  ordered  for 
himself. 

Keikiwai  turned  to  the  right  so  as  to  avoid  them. 
Higher  and  higher  he  climbed.  The  mountain  became 
steeper,  and  his  bare  skin  was  bruised  and  scratched,  but 
he  dared  not  stop. 

At  last  he  reached  an  open  space  separated  from  his 
pursuers  by  a  high  precipice.  Here,  at  last,  he  felt  secure. 
He  drank  greedily  from  a  mountain  stream  which  tumbled 


KEIKIWAI,  THE  WATER  BABY 


. 


V 


noisily  over  the  rocks.  After  satisfying  his  hunger  with  ohelo 
berries  and  mountain  apples,  he  fell  into  a  deep  slumber. 

The  penetrating  trade 
wind  aroused  him.  With 
no  matches  and  with  no 
material  except  some  dry 
branches  and  some  peb- 
bles from  the  brook,  he 
soon  had  a  roaring  fire 
and  an  oven  ready  for 
food.  He  found  some  wild 
bananas  and  some  sweet 
potatoes  which  he  cooked 
on  the  hot  stones. 

After  his  meal  he  made 
a  cape  of  ti  leaves,  for 
his  malo  was  not  much 
protection  from  the  cold 
wind.  He  did  not  pick 
the  lehua  blossoms  for  a 
/<'/,  because  he  knew  that 
if  he  did,  it  would  be  sure 
to  rain,  and  he  feared  a  BANANA  TREE 

drenching. 

The  sun  set  suddenly  and  there  was  no  twilight,  so 
Keikiwai  hastily  rebuilt  his  fire  and  made  himself  a  bed 
of  soft  grass.  He  did  not  feel  sorry  that  he  had  offended 
the  gods,  but  he  feared  punishment.  He  believed  that  the 
god  who  made  his  home  near  by  would  hurl  stones  upon 


8  OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

his  head.  So  he  built  an  altar  of  stones  and  offered  as 
sacrifice  some  ohelo  berries  which  he  had  picked.  Then 
he  muttered  a  prayer  and  fell  asleep. 

IV 

Keikiwai  awoke  with  a  start.  The  great  god  had  come 
to  him  in  a  dream  and  had  threatened  him.  He  glanced 
at  the  altar,  and  there  was  the  food  untouched.  "  Ku  is 
angry,"  he  muttered,  as  he  shook  with  fear;  "I  may  not 
like  the  tabus,  but  if  the  great  gods  make  them,  I  must 
obey  them.  I  will  give  myself  in  sacrifice." 

He  stood  up  where  he  could  see  his  surroundings  and 
look  for  his  pursuers.  As  he  watched  the  sun  break  its 
way  through  the  clouds  behind  the  mountains,  the  gran- 
deur of  the  scene  seemed  to  soothe  him.  "  Ku  will  not 
kill  me,  but  will  help  me  to  flee  to  the  puuhonua,  where 
no  one  can  harm  me."  Then,  raising  his  voice,  he  called, 
"  Help ! "  and  the  echoing  "  Help  "  was  a  direct  answer 
which  gave  him  courage. 

Keikiwai  knew  that  dangers  lay  ahead  of  him,  for  his 
pursuers  would  not  give  up  the  search.  They  would  guard 
the  paths  to  the  puuhonua,  for  there,  if  he  reached  it, 
they  dared  not  touch  him.  He  had  to  climb  down  a  steep 
cliff,  and  pass  a  village  where  he  might  be  recognized. 

He  made  a  long  swing  of  the  tough  convolvulus  vine 
and  tied  one  end  securely.  Down,  down  he  let  himself 
until  he  was  on  a  level  with  a  jutting  rock  about  ten  feet 
from  him.  To  swing  himself  and  then  leap  to  the  rock 
was  the  work  of  a  moment.  His  quick  ear  caught  the 


KEIKIWAI,  THE  WATER  BABY  9 

sound  of  falling  water,  and  he  scrambled  to  the  edge  of 
the  falls.  Twenty  feet  or  more  below  him  was  a  pool  of 
deep  water.  The  dive  from  above  was  mere  play  for  him, 
and  the  cool  water  was  refreshing. 

Shaking  himself  like  a  wet  dog,  he  hurried  on.  Some- 
times he  pushed  through  the  dense  foliage ;  more  often 
he  leaped  from  stone  to  stone  in  the  stream.  The  sound 
of  drums  encouraged  him,  for  if  the  people  of  the  village 
were  merrymaking,  there  was  a  chance  of  his  passing  by 
unnoticed. 

He  crawled  behind  the  bushes  and  peered  through. 
He  saw  the  people  on  the  beach  watching  four  girls  danc- 
ing the  hula.  Their  slow,  rhythmic  movements  were  so 
graceful  that  he  forgot  his  danger  in  the  enjoyment  of 
the  moment.  Then  the  dance  became  livelier,  the  drums 
beat  faster  and  louder,  and  Keikiwai  took  this  chance  to 
pass  by,  unseen.  In  his  haste  he  stumbled  over  a  sleep- 
ing pig,  whose  squeals  attracted  the  people  standing  near 
by.  Unfortunately,  his  pursuers  were  among  them.  They 
had  forgotten  their  mission  when  the  drums  began  to 
beat,  but  the  sight  of  Keikiwai  aroused  them  to  action, 
and  they  rushed  after  him. 

Keikiwai  breathed  a  silent  prayer  to  Ku,  and  it  gave 
him  courage,  but  the  others  were  starting  out  fresh,  while 
he  had  already  gone  a  long  way.  Once  he  glanced  back 
and  saw  that  they  were  gradually  gaining  on  him. ,  Ahead 
of  him  could  be  seen  the  welcome  walls  of  the  puuhonua. 
He  dared  not  turn  his  head  again,  but  the  shouts  told 
him  that  he  was  still  several  yards  ahead.  On  and  on  he 


10          OLD-TIME  HAWAII ANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

flew,  and  on  and  on  flew  his  pursuers.  He  had  nearly 
reached  the  open  gate  when  he  tripped  upon  a  stone  and 
down  he  went.  The  foremost  man  was  almost  upon  him. 
He  never  could  have  told  afterwards  whether  he  rolled 
or  crawled  or  slid  into  safety,  but  he  knew  that  the  priest 
drove  the  others  back ;  then  he  lost  consciousness. 

He  was  kept  in  the  house  of  refuge  for  several  days. 
After  being  purified  by  prayer  and  sacrifice  he  was 
allowed  to  go  home  unharmed.  You  would  suppose  that 
his  family  would  have  been  mourning  for  him  while  he 
was  in  danger,  but  people  in  those  days  did  not  think 
much  about  each  other,  nor  did  they  worry,  but  lived  from 
day  to  day.  When  he  returned,  however,  they  greeted  him 
with  tears  of  joy,  for  they  loved  him  as  much  as  they 
were  capable  of  loving. 


Several  weeks  later  Keikiwai  could  be  seen  on  the 
lanai  mending  his  papa  holua.  He  heard  the  herald 
blowing  his  conch  shell  and  stopped  work  to  hear  the 
message.  He  knew  that  the  chief,  Keha,  had  something 
of  importance  to  tell  the  people.  This  is  what  he  heard : 
"To-morrow  the  alii  Kaolani  visits  Keha.  Games  will 
be  played  in  his  honor,  and  many  presents  of  food  are 
expected  from  the  people." 

Keikiwai  wanted  to  join  the  holua  race.  "It  is  only  for 
those  of  noble  birth,"  said  the  messenger,  and  passed  on 
to  spread  the  news. 

Lehua  had  been  watching  her  son  and  noticed  his 


KEIKIWAI,  THE  WATER  BABY  1 1 

disappointed  face.  She  had  observed  of  late  how  manly 
he  was  growing  and  with  what  dignity  he  carried  himself. 
He  had  always  been  a  leader  among  his  playmates.  More- 
over, his  life  had  been  spared  when  he  broke  the  tabu. 
These  facts  seemed  to  prove  that  he  was  no  ordinary  child. 

Lehua  was  not  troubled;  she  knew  that  Kaolani  was  the 
chief  who  had  arrived  the  night  that  her  baby  came.  He 
had  not  gone  back  to  Kahiki,  but  had  settled  on  the  next 
island.  Now  was  the  time  to  act.  She  crawled  through 
the  low  doorway  and  groped  about  until  she  found  an 
old  calabash  which  had  not  been  touched  for  years. 

She  brought  it  out  and  opened  it  before  Keikiwai.  It 
contained  a  piece  of  tapa.  "  This  is  yours,"  she  said,  and 
she  told  him  how  Manuia  had  found  him. 

The  next  day  Keikiwai  was  late  for  the  races,  so  when 
he  arrived  in  his  plain  malo  no  one  noticed  the  papa  kolua 
in  his  hand.  Everybody  was  watching  the  royal  party, 
who  sat  on  mats  under  the  spreading  branches  of  a  hau 
tree.  Keha  wore  a  red-feather  helmet,  a  gift  from  his 
guest.  His  long  red-feather  cape  with  yellow  border  was 
thrown  back,  showing  his  palaoa  and  his  red  malo. 

His  beautiful  wife  sat  next  to  him.  Her  red  and  yellow 
pau  was  of  the  choicest  tapa.  Yellow  feather  lets,  inter- 
woven with  maile,  crowned  her  long  black  hair,  and  around 
her  neck  were  lets  of  the  fresh  ilima. 

The  guests  had  seats  near  by.  They  were  also  gor- 
geously dressed.  Retainers  stood  near, who  saw  that  they 
had  every  comfort. 

Keha  acted  as  judge.    Each  chief  who  was  to   race 


12          OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

carried  his  own  papa  Iwlua  and  in  turn  stepped  before 
the  judge  and  recited  his  genealogy.  This  was  to  make 
sure  that  all  were  of  noble  rank.  The  last  chief  had 
finished  and  started  up  the  hill  when  Keikiwai  came  for- 
ward. The  people  showed  much  concern,  for  they  all 
recognized  him  as  a  common  fisherman.  Would  Keha 
have  him  killed  for  attempting  to  race  with  chiefs  ? 

Handing  the  tapa  to  Keha,  he  told  his  story  and  asked 
if  he  might  join  the  race.  Keha  passed  the  tapa  over  to 
Kaolani  and  his  wife  Kalei.  Tears  of  joy  sprang  to  the 
eyes  of  Kalei.  "  This  is  the  tapa  which  I  made  for  my 
little  water  baby  before  we  left  Kahiki,  and  when  he  was 
born  at  sea  I  wrapped  him  in  it  This  must  be  our  child 
whom  we  thought  the  cruel  shark  god,  Moku-halii,  had 
devoured.  Go  into  the  race,  my  son,  and  show  yourself 
worthy  of  your  ancestors." 

Drums  beat  loudly  as  Keikiwai  bounded  up  the  hill. 
Many  of  the  chiefs  recognized  him,  and  did  not  like  the 
idea  of  racing  with  him.  "  Ho,  ho,  my  akakane"  said  the 
nearest  one  scornfully,  w  you  had  better  slide  on  a  surf 
board  and  get  your  nurse  to  race  with  you." 

There  was  no  time  for  Keikiwai  to  answer.  The  signal 
was  given  and  on  they  ran.  It  was  a  pretty  sight  to  see 
each  one  jump  upon  his  narrow  sled  at  the  brow  of  the  hilL 
Down  they  came,  and  the  spectators  held  their  breath 
with  excitement  It  took  much  skill  to  keep  balanced,  and 
several  upset  and  rolled  over  and  over  in  the  slippery  grass. 

Keikiwai  forgot  the  crowds.  He  strained  every  nerve 
to  keep  his  balance.  Once  he  almost  lost  it,  but  saved 


KEIKIWAI,  THE  WATER  BABY  13 

himself  by  steering  differently.  Then  on  he  went  faster 
than  before.  Slowly  he  gained  upon  some  of  the  chiefs 
who  had  been  ahead,  for  in  the  long  run  his  skill  counted 
for  more  than  their  experience.  One  by  one  he  outdis- 
tanced them,  and  at  the  end  he  came  in  just  a  little 
ahead  of  the  foremost  one.  It  was  an  exciting  race,  for 
no  one  knew  until  the  end  how  it  was  going  to  turn  out. 
Keikiwai  heard  the  loud  cheering,  but  he  was  too 
exhausted  to  care.  Retainers  carried  him  to  the  royal 
lanai,  where  they  lomi-lomied  him  and  rubbed  him  with 
coconut  oil.  He  lay  there  dazed  but  happy,  for  it  was  a 
new  and  delightful  experience  to  be  cared  for  in  this 
fashion.  They  dressed  him  in  a  red  malo  and  put  a 
palaoa  around  his  neck. 

VI 

After  the  games  came  the  luau  or  feast.  Great  prep- 
arations had  been  made  for  this  important  occasion.  The 
royal  guests  sat  on  the  ground  around  a  table  of  fern 
leaves,  and  Keikiwai  was  placed  at  one  end  next  to  his 
new-found  father.  He  saw  the  women  eating  in  another 
place,  but  this  did  not  seem  strange  to  him ;  with  all 
classes  of  people  it  was  tabu  for  men  and  women  to  eat 
together,  and  ever  since  he  was  four  years  old  he  had 
taken  all  his  meals  with  men  only.  But  it  did  seem  queer 
to  be  eating  with  chiefs,  for  he  was  accustomed  to  ap- 
proach them  on  his  hands  and  knees.  He  watched  his 
father  closely,  otherwise  he  would  have  drunk  from  the 
finger  bowls,  which  were  passed  before  and  after  the  meal. 


14          OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

Keikiwai  was  hungry,  and  he  enjoyed  this  chance  to 
eat  certain  kinds  of  food  which  were  tabu  for  the  com- 
mon people.  He  had  roast  pig  and  dog,  many  kinds  of 
raw  fish,  pink  poi,  baked  sweet  potatoes  with  red  salt, 
luau,  sea  urchins,  crabs,  and  kulolo,  which  was  a  taro  and 
coconut  pudding.  After  eating  he  took  a  sip  of  awa,  then 
hurriedly  seized  a  calabash  of  water  and  gulped  it  down. 
"  What  bitter  stuff! "  he  said  to  himself.  "  I  hope  that  my 
being  a  chief  will  not  make  it  necessary  for  me  to  drink  it." 

Keha  had  planned  to  have  a  grand  hula  after  the  luau. 
"We  must  not  stay,"  said  Kaolani,  "for  my  kahuna  says 
that  the  gods  favor  an  early  departure." 

Keikiwai  rushed  forward  to  launch  the  canoe,  but  his 
father  stopped  him.  "  You  are  a  royal  guest.  Let  your 
retainers  wait  upon  you."  Then,  seeing  the  young  man's 
look  of  disappointment,  he  added :  "  There  are  many 
kinds  of  work  that  a  chief  can  do.  At  home  you  can 
build  canoes,  and  fish,  and  swim.  The  people  are  proud 
of  a  chief  who  can  excel  in  doing  things." 

VII 

•y- 

It  was  late  at  night  when  the  royal  party  reached  home, 
but  all  the  people  were  on  the  beach  to  greet  them.  They 
fell  prostrate  before  Keikiwai  also,  for  they  could  tell  at 
once  that  he  too  was  a  chief. 

Manuia's  family  had  lived  in  one  house.  In  Keikiwai's 
new  home  there  were  so  many  houses  that  he  was  con- 
fused. He  soon  learned  that  he  must  keep  out  of  the 
women's  eating  house  and  the  house  for  tapa  beating. 


KEIKIWAI,  THE  WATER  BABY  15 

But  the  heiau,  the  men's  eating  house,  and  the  sleeping 
house  were  all  open  to  him.  It  was  not  long  before  he 
got  used  to  his  new  home. 

Keikiwai  never  tired  of  having  his  father  tell  him 
stories.  He  asked  many  questions  about  Kahiki,  and 
learned  that  he  had  a  brother  who  was  still  living  in  that 
strange  country.  This  made  Keikiwai  resolve  that  when 
he  was  able  he  would  go  back  to  Kahiki  and  bring  his 
brother  to  live  in  Hawaii. 

"  Many  of  the  chiefs  who  came  from  the  South  Seas 
were  warlike,"  said  Kaolani.  '  They  took  land  away  from 
the  native  chiefs  and  caused  many  cruel  wars.  I  settled 
in  this  valley,  where  the  people  were  without  a  chief,  so 
they  were  glad  to  see  me.  The  native  chiefs  have  formed 
a  society  called  the  aha  alii,  to  protect  each  other  from 
the  unworthy.  When  you  grow  to  be  a  man,  if  you  are 
brave,  you  may  become  a  member." 

Keikiwai  had  been  taught  to  be  a  brave  warrior,  and 
he  felt  anxious  for  the  time  to  come  when  he  could  have 
a  hand-to-hand  contest  with  a  rival  chief,  and  grasp  the 
palaoa  from  the  dying  man's  neck.  But  the  stories  of 
Kahiki  set  him  to  thinking.  He  began  to  feel  that  a  dar- 
ing voyage  in  search  of  his  long-lost  brother  was  better 
than  fighting.  "  When  I  am  a  chief,"  he  said,  "  I  will  build 
a  big  double  canoe  and  bring  my  brother  back  with  me." 

Should  you  like  to  know  whether  or  not  Keikiwai  kept 
his  vow  ?  Read  the  legends  and  meles  telling  of  the  deeds 
of  the  early  heroes.  Keikiwai  was  called  by  a  different  name 
then,  but  if  you  look  closely  you  will  be  sure  to  find  him. 


THE  FIRST  PEOPLE  AND  HOW  THEY  CAME 

I 

A  long  time  before  Keikiwai  lived  people  were  making 
journeys  back  and  forth  between  the  different  islands  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  In  time  they  reached  all  of  them. 

Large  double  canoes  were  built  for  long  voyages.  The 
trunks  of  two  trees  were  hollowed  out  and  fastened  to- 
gether by  crosspieces  upon  which  a  platform  was  raised. 
Sometimes  the  canoes  were  made  of  planks  joined  to- 
gether. The  paddlers  sat  in  the  canoes,  and  the  passen- 
gers of  rank  were  made  as  comfortable  as  possible  upon 
mats  spread  out  over  the  platform.  A  three-cornered 
sail  was  made  of  strips  of  matting  and  was  a  help  to 
the  paddlers.  These  canoes  were  from  fifty  to  a  hun- 
dred feet  long  and  six  or  eight  feet  deep. 

A  large  company  of  people  went  on  these  voyages. 
The  chief  took  his  family,  retainers  to  wait  upon  them, 
priests  with  their  idols,  musicians  for  entertainment,  a 
pilot,  and  the  paddlers.  Enough  food  was  taken  to  last 
for  many  days.  The  pigs,  dogs,  and  hens  were  carried 
alive,  while  the  pandanus  and  breadfruit  were  preserved 
in  rolls  of  matting.  Gourds  served  as  water  bottles. 

Many  times  these  bold  seamen  were  blown  upon  new 
islands  by  a  storm  or  by  a  strong  current.  After  going 
once  the  pilots  learned  the  way,  so  that  they  could  travel 

16 


THE  FIRST  PEOPLE  AND  HOW  THEY  CAME         17 

back  and  forth.  The  paddlers  kept  time  to  music  and 
followed  the  direction  which  was  signaled  by  the  pilot 
with  a  bunch  of  grass.  He  steered  partly  by  making 
a  definite  angle  with  the  currents  caused  by  the  trade 
winds,  but  his  surest  guide  was  the  stars. 


SAMUAN  DOUBLE  CANOE 


Sometimes  as  many  as  fifteen  canoes  would  form  a 
squadron.  Then  the  pilot  in  the  leading  canoe  would 
guide  them  all.  In  the  daytime  they  spread  out  in  a 
broad  line  so  that  they  might  not  miss  the  islands,  but 
at  night  they  kept  close  together  to  avoid  separation. 


i8 


OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 


II 


About  fifteen  hundred  years  ago  a  bold  seaman  named 
Hawaii-loa  reached  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  sailing  from 
the  west.  Many  people  believe  that  he  came  first  and 
named  the  islands  after  himself,  and  then  returned  for 


MENEHUNES  FELLING  A  TREE 

his  family  so  that  they  could  all  make  the  new  country 
their  home.  He  may  have  brought  the  first  large  gourd 
and  planted  it ;  certainly  that  variety  is  not  found  in  the 
South  Seas,  where  most  of  the  people  came  from. 

Wakea  and  his  wife  Papa  came  also  in  those  early 
times.    Legends  tell  us  that  they  came  from  Savaii  in 


THE  FIRST  PEOPLE  AND  HOW  THEY  CAME         19 

Samoa,  that  they  named  the  islands  after  their  old  home, 
and  even  that  they  created  the  earth.  They  introduced 
the  tabu  system. 

The  tabus  were  many  laws,  mostly  foolish  ones,  which 
the  common  people  had  to  obey.  There  were  also  tabus 
for  the  chiefs  and  priests,  but  these  were  not  so  many 


COCONUT  DRUM,  HULA  DRUM  AND  RATTLE 

in  number.  If  the  tabus  were  broken  the  gods  were  sup- 
posed to  be  angry,  and  the  offender  was  put  to  death  by 
order  of  the  priest.  Often  there  was  a  reason  for  the  first 
tabu,  —  as,  for  instance,  one  upon  food  that  was  scarce, — 
but  the  tabu  was  kept  after  the  food  became  plentiful. 
These  tabus  made  it  easy  for  the  chief  and  the  priest  to 
have  all  the  power  in  their  own  hands. 

For  many  years  no  more  people  came  to  the  Hawaiian 
Islands.    At  this  time,  so  the  old  legends  tell  us,  the 


2O 


OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 


Menehunes,  or  fairies,  lived  in  the  forests,  and  came  out 
stealthily  at  night  to  build  heiaus  and  fishponds  and 
canoes.  In  Thrum's  "  Hawaiian  Folktales "  you  can 
read  about  some  of  the  wonderful  works  which  they 
are  said  to  have  performed. 

Ill 

You  have  probably  read  stories  of  the  Norsemen  who 
made  daring  voyages  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  who 

were  the  first  to  discover 
America.  About  the  same 
time  equally  brave  sea- 
men in  the  Pacific  Ocean 
were  making  voyages  be- 
tween Hawaii  and  the 
South  Sea  islands.  This 
was  seven  or  eight  hun- 
dred years  ago. 

Paao  was  a  priest  who 
came  from  Upolu  in  Sa- 
moa. His  voyage  is  im- 
portant because  he  made 
many  changes  in  Hawai- 
ian customs.  He  brought 
new  gods  and  more  tabus. 
He  brought  the  puloulou,  or  tabu  sticks,  and  changed 
the  shape  of  the  heiaus,  making  them  four-sided  instead 
of  triangular,  as  they  had  been  before.  He  built  one 
in  Kohala  and  another  in  Puna,  both  upon  the  island 


BREADFRUIT 


THE  FIRST  PEOPLE  AND  HOW  THEY  CAME         21 

of  Hawaii.  He  found  no  chief  of  high  rank  in  the  new 
country,  so  he  returned  to  Samoa  and  brought  back  a 
chief  named  Pili,  who  is  supposed  to  be  the  direct  an- 
cestor of  the  Kamehameha  family. 

Moikeha  was  a  famous  chief.  He  sailed  from  Hawaii 
to  the  south,  and  probably  visited  the  Society  Islands. 
Upon  his  return  he  left  his  adopted  son  Laa  in  the 
strange  country.  Later  on,  his  son  Kila  was  sent  to 
bring  Laa  back  to  Hawaii.  Laa-mai-Kahiki  returned  and 
brought  the  first  kaekeeke, —  a  large  drum  made  from 
a  hollow  section  of  a  coconut  tree,  and  having  one  end 
covered  with  shark's  skin.  Years  afterwards  Moikeha's 
grandson  Kahai  took  a  journey  to  the  South  Seas,  and 
returned  with  the  first  breadfruit  trees,  which  he  planted 
at  Kualoa  on  Oahu. 

These  were  only  a  few  of  the  many  travelers.  Not  only 
did  they  bring  new  plants  and  other  things,  but  they 
changed  the  ideas  of  the  people. 

REVIEW 

Describe  a  double  canoe.  What  was  its  size  ?  Who  went  with  the 
chief  on  a  long  voyage  ?  What  food  did  they  carry  ?  How  was  it  kept 
from  spoiling  ?  How  did  the  people  discover  new  islands  ?  Who  steered, 
and  how  ?  Describe  a  fleet  of  canoes  and  tell  how  they  sailed. 

Tell  why  Hawaii-loa  was  important.  Who  were  Wakea  and  Papa  ? 
Where  did  they  come  from,  and  what  did  they  do  for  Hawaii?  What 
was  the  tabu  system  ?  Tell  how  some  tabu  may  have  started.  Who 
suffered  most  because  of  the  tabus  ?  Who  had  more  power  because  of 
them  ? 

Tell  what  you  have  heard  about  the  Hawaiian  fairies. 


22          OLD-TIME  HAWAII ANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

Who  were  traveling  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  at  the  time  the  Hawaiian 
people  began  to  make  long  voyagesr  again  ?  Tell  all  the  reasons  why  the 
voyage  of  Paao  was  important.  Who  was  Pili  ? 

Who  were  Moikeha,  Laa,  Kila,  and  Kahai  ?  Tell  why  they  were  famous. 

How  would  the  voyages  mentioned  change  the  lives  of  the  people  ? 

Describe  a  voyage  to  the  South  Seas  and  then  play  that  you  are  taking 
one.  Choose  the  passengers.  Use  three  rows  of  desks,  having  the  center 
of  the  middle  row  for  the  platform,  and  the  two  outer  rows  for  the  canoes. 
The  paddlers  sit  in  the  seats  in  the  canoes  and  use  rulers  for  pad- 
dles. They  watch  the  pilot,  who  signals  the  direction  with  a  branch  of  a 
tree.  The  passengers  sit  on  the  desks,  as  the  platform  is  higher  than  the 
canoes.  The  musicians  chant  and  beat  time  for  the  paddlers  with  rulers. 


PART  II.   WORK  AND  PLAY  OF 
LONG  AGO 


FISHING 


Because  the  peo- 
ple lived  near  the 
sea  and  needed  fish 
for  food,  they  be- 
came expert  fisher- 
men. They  learned 
the  haunts  and  hab- 
its of  all  the  fish, 
also  the  location  of 
rocks  and  shoals. 

They  fished  with 
hook  and  line,  with 
nets,  with  spears, 
with  fishing  sticks 
and  fishing  baskets. 

Hooks  and  Lines 

Fishhooks  were 
made  of  bone,  shell, 
ivory,  or  tortoise 


FISHING  WITH  NET 


OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 


shell,  and  the  only  tool  used  in  shaping  them  was  a 
stone  file.  Sometimes  bone  and  shell  were  used  together, 
in  which  case  holes  were  bored  with  a  pump  drill,  and 

cord  was  drawn  through 
to  tie  the  parts  together. 
The  hooks  were  of  dif- 
ferent   shapes   and    sizes 
for  different  kinds  of  fish. 
The  barb  of  the  hook  was 
sometimes    inside,    some- 
times outside,  and  some- 
times there  were  barbs  in  both  places.    In  some  hooks 
the  point  was  near  the  shaft,  and  in  others  it  was  not. 
The  shark  hooks  were  the  largest  ones,  and  were  often 
of  wood,  pointed  with  bone. 


SHUTTLE 


BONE  FISHHOOK 


SQUID  HOOK 


For  catching  squid,  a  shell  and  a  stone  sinker  of  about 
the  same  shape  and  size  were  fastened  upon  opposite 
sides  of  one  end  of  a  stick.  A  bone  hook  at  the  other 
end  was  concealed  by  leaves.  The  cord  came  through 
the  shell.  Examine  the  picture  and  then  explain  how 
this  hook  was  used. 


FISHING 


SHELL  SCRAPER 


Hooks  for  the  fish  aku 
had  a  shank  of  pearl  fas- 
tened to  a  bone  point. 
The  bright  pearl  attracted 
the  fish. 

Fishlines  were  made  of 
olona  cord.  The  kaa  was 
a  slender  cord  fastened 
securely  to  the  shank  of 
the  hook,  and  to  it  was  tied  the  ako,  or  line  of  heavier 
cord.  With  a  bamboo  pole,  and  a  reel  made  of  the  neck 
of  a  broken  gourd  bottle,  the  fisherman  of  long  ago  was 
as  well  equipped  as  the  average  boy  of  to-day. 

Nets 

People  often  used  to  fish  with  nets  made  of  olona 
cord.  The  olona  was  a  shrub  which  grew  wild  in  gulches 
and  was  often  culti- 
vated by  the  people. 

It  can  be  found  to-  •••^^J&*  " 

day    growing    wild  mBUdLtm,   /x 

upon  Tantalus,  the 
highest     mountain 

in  the  Koolau  Range,  and  in  other  parts  of  the  islands. 
The  fibers  were  used  for  cord. 


FISHING  STICK 


26 


OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 


Nets  were  made  of  olona  because  it  was  so  strong, 
so  durable,  and  so  flexible.  The  shrub  was  cut  down 
and  soaked  in  running  water  to  decompose  the  pulp ; 

then  it  was  scraped 
to  clean  the  inner 
fibers.  A  bunch 
of  fibers  was  tied 
to  the  pointed  end 
of  a  board  several 
feet  long  and  half  a 
foot  wide,  and  was 
then  scraped  with 
a  shell  knife. 

The  nets  were 
of  many  different 
patterns.  Shuttles, 
held  the  cord,  and 
small  bits  of  shell 
were  used  for  mesh 
spacers. 

The   long    nets, 
which  were  some- 
times twenty  fath- 
oms    long,     were 
FISHING  WITH  SPEAR  made    of    smaller 

pieces  fastened  to- 
gether. These  nets  were  drawn  into  large  circles  in  the 
water  and  held  up  with  sticks.  At  the  top  were  floats  of 
hau  or  of  wiliwili,  and  at  the  bottom  were  stone  sinkers. 


FISHING  27 

Fish  were  driven  into  the  inclosure  with  ropes,  or  with 
branches  having  a  fringe  of  leaves  tied  at  intervals. 

Bag  nets  had  wooden  rims  and  handles,  and  were  used 
to  scoop  up  the  fish. 

Sticks  and  Baskets 

Fishing  sticks,  smeared  with  bait,  were  stuck  upright 
in  the  water  to  attract  the  fish.    Bait  was  prepared  in 


LAUHALA  AND  IE-!E  FISHING  BASKETS 

various  ways  and  mixed  in  a  stone  mortar  with  a  wooden 
pestle  kept  for  this  purpose. 

One  of  the  most  exciting  ways  of  fishing  was  with  a 
spear.  This  was  a  pole  of  hard  wood  six  or  seven  feet 
long  and  pointed  at  one  end.  Sometimes  several  points 
were  tied  to  the  end. 


28 


OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 


Spears  were  used  when  men  dived  under  water  as 
Keikiwai  did  when  he  killed  the  shark.  They  were  also 
used  to  spear  the  fish  in  shallow  water  at  night.  In  that 
case  a  torch  was  carried  to  attract  the  fish. 

Fishing  baskets,  made  of  ie-ie  roots,  were  used  to  scoop 

up  shrimps  and 
crabs,  and  also  to 
hold  the  fish  after 
they  were  caught. 
A  gourd,  with 
a  larger  gourd  in- 
verted for  a  cover, 
held  fishlines  and 
hooks.  The  lauhala 
baskets  were  used 
for  the  same  pur- 
pose. 

REVIEW 

How  did  the  Hawai- 
ians  become  expert  fish- 
ermen ?  Name  differ- 
ent ways  in  which  they 
fished. 

Of  what  materials 
were  the  hooks  made  ? 

How  were  they  made  ?    How  did  they  differ  ?    Describe  a  shark  hook ; 

a  squid  hook ;  a  hook  of  bone  and  pearl.    Describe  the  line,  pole,  and 

reel  used  by  the  fisherman.   Compare  this  equipment  with  one  of  to-day. 

Find  a  piece  of  bone  or  shell  and  try  to  shape  a  hook  with  a  file  of  lava. 

If  that  is  impossible,  model  a  hook  of  clay.   How  were  the  fibers  of  olona 


PUPILS'  CONSTRUCTION  WORK 


FISHING  29 

separated  from  the  pulp  ?  Find  some  olona  or  any  other  plant — sisal, 
for  example  — whose  fibers  run  parallel ;  after  it  has  been  soaked,  scrape 
it  upon  a  board  with  a  shell  scraper.  Braid  a  few  fibers  for  the  kaa  and 
tie  it  to  your  hook ;  then  spin  the  cord  for  the  aho  on  your  thigh,  hold- 
ing the  end  in  your  left  hand  and  twisting  with  the  palm  of  your  right 
hand.  Tie  this  aho  to  the  kaa.  Find  a  bamboo  pole,  and  the  neck  of  a 
broken  gourd  bottle  for  a  reel. 

Describe  the  long  nets  and  tell  how  they  were  used.  Play  that  you  are 
fishing  with  a  long  net.  How  many  people  will  you  need,  and  what  is 
the  work  of  each  person  ? 

What  were  the  bag  nets  ?  What  were  fishing  sticks  ?  How  were  spears 
used  ?  How  were  baskets  used  by  the  fisherman? 


CANOE   BUILDING 

The  making  of  a  canoe  was  important,  and  needed  the 
favor  of  the  gods.  So  the  canoe  builders  went  first  to 
the  kahuna,  who  offered  sacrifice  and  prayers  to  different 
gods.  The  kahuna  then  went  with  the  men  to  help  them 
find  the  right  tree  in  the  forest ;  sometimes  they  climbed 
several  thousand  feet  above  sea  level  before  they  found  it. 


OUTRIGGER  CANOES 

For  the  best  canoes  he  chose  koa,  which  is  a  hard  wood. 
He  watched  the  elepaio,  or  woodpecker,  and  chose  some 
tree  that  the  bird  did  not  bore  into.  This  was  rudely 
shaped,  and  then  ropes  were  tied  to  it,  and  it  was  dragged 
down  to  the  seashore. 

The  canoe  was  made  long  and  narrow  so  that  it 
would  go  swiftly.  It  was  hollowed  out  with  a  special 

3° 


CANOE  BUILDING  31 

right-handed    or   left-handed    adz   which    had    been   in- 
vented by  one  of  the  canoe  gods. 

The  gunwale,  or  moo,  was  made  of  strips  of  wood 
fastened  to  the  upper  edge  to  meet  at  bow  and  stern. 
It  was  usually  six  or  eight  inches  wide,  and  was  tied  with 
cord  or  fastened  with  wooden  pegs,  and  was  put  on  to 
make  the  canoe  higher.  The  moo  was  made  of  a  yellow 
wood  called  ahakea,  and  remained  the  natural  color  when 
the  body  of  the  canoe  was  painted  black. 


PADDLE 

The  ama,  or  outrigger,  was  a  steadier,  made  of  a  curved 
log  of  wiliwili,  which  was  fastened  to  the  canoe  with  iako, 
or  branches  of  the  hau  tree. 

Most  of  the  canoes  were  less  than  50  feet  long.  The 
fishing  canoe  of  Kamehameha  V  is  in  the  Bishop  Mu- 
seum. It  held  four  men  besides  the  king,  and  its  dimen- 
sions are:  length,  35.5  feet;  depth  outside,  27  inches; 
inside,  23.5  inches;  width  outside,  23  inches;  inside,  17.5 
inches;  center  of  canoe  to  center  of  outrigger,  10.7  feet. 

The  paddle  was  usually  5  feet  long,  the  blade  12  x  20 
inches. 


32          OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

The  launching  of  a  canoe  needed  the  services  of  the 
kahuna.  A  sacrifice  was  offered,  and  then  the  owner  and 
the  kahuna  stood  at  the  bow  of  the  boat.  The  latter  re- 
cited a  long  prayer  while  the  canoe  was  being  launched. 
Any  noise  at  that  time  was  a  bad  sign ;  perfect  silence 
meant  that  the  canoe  was  safe. 

REVIEW 

Why  was  a  priest  needed  when  a  canoe  was  to  be  built  ?  How  was 
the  tree  chosen  ?  Can  you  tell  why  the  kahuna  chose  the  tree  which  the 
woodpecker  did  not  touch  ?  How  was  it  brought  to  the  beach  ?  What  was 


DIAGRAM  OF  SIDE  AND  Top  OF  CANOE 

the  shape  of  the  canoe  ?  How  was  it  hollowed  out  ?  Describe  the  gun- 
wale. How  was  the  outrigger  fastened  to  the  canoe  ?  What  was  the  aver- 
age size  of  a  canoe?  What  was  the  size  of  a  paddle?  Describe  the 
launching  of  a  canoe. 

To  make  a  small  canoe,  find  a  piece  of  wood  about  two  feet  long  and 
two  inches  in  diameter.  With  a  sharp  knife  cut  off  the  bark ;  then  flat- 
ten one  side  of  the  wood  for  the  top  of  the  canoe,  and  shape  it  as  in  the 


CANOE  BUILDING  33 

diagram.  Use  carving  tools  to  scoop  out  the  inside.  If  you  have  no  tools, 
use  a  sharp  knife  with  a  small  blade.  Leave  the  walls  one  eighth  of  an 
inch  thick.  As  it  is  difficult  to  make  the  gunwale  of  separate  strips,  to 
bore  holes  in  it,  and  to  tie  it  to  the  canoe,  you  can  represent  it  by  paint- 
ing the  upper  edge  yellow,  and  the  body  of  the  canoe  black. 

For  crosspieces  find  two  slender  hau  branches  slightly  curved  at  one 
end,  and  cut  them  five  inches  long.  Bore  holes  in  the  gunwale  six  inches 
from  bow  and  from  stern  for  the  cord  to  tie  the  crosspieces  on.  Make 
a  piece  of  cord  by  braiding  coconut  fibers,  or  use  any  strong  cord  instead. 

Find  a  branch  of  wiliwifi  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and 
cut  it  thirteen  inches  long.  Shape  the  bow  end  as  the  bow  is  shaped,  so 
that  it  will  not  retard  the  progress  of  the  boat.  Fasten  the  outrigger 
under  the  ends  of  the  crosspieces,  notching  the  latter  so  that  they  can 
be  tied  securely.  Tie  the  crosspieces  to  the  canoe. 

Paint  the  body  of  the  canoe  black,  and  the  gunwale,  crosspieces,  and 
outrigger,  yellow. 

Make  paddles  four  inches  long  and  one  eighth  of  an  inch  thick.  The 
handle  is  rounded,  while  the  blade  is  flat  and  oval.  The  blade  can  be 
made  an  inch  and  a  half  long  and  three  quarters  of  an  inch  wide.  The 
to  (a  small  projection  of  wood  fastened  at  the  tip  of  the  paddle  on  one 
side)  was  put  on  the  best  paddles. 

If  you  cannot  carve  a  canoe,  you  may  model  one  in  clay  or  draw  a 
picture  of  one. 


FARMING 


The  Hawaiians  were  skillful  farmers,  who  raised  taro, 

sweet  potatoes,  yams,  sugar  cane,  and  bananas,  for  food. 

Taro  was  the  principal  food  of  the  people  who  lived  in 

the  valleys,  where  there  was 
plenty  of  water  for  irriga- 
tion. The  cultivation  of  it 
required  much  labor.  Up- 
land taro  was  raised  in  dry 
soil,  but  the  most  common 
variety  grew  in  wet  soil. 

When  the  farmers  started 
taro  patches  they  divided 
the  land  near  a  stream  into 
squares  arranged  in  terraces 
so  that  the  water  could  run 
from  one  to  the  other.  Then 
these  patches  were  sepa- 
rated by  banks  of  earth  and 
stones,  and  the  surface  was 
trodden  down  to  make  it  water-tight. 

Water  was  carried  from  the  stream  by  means  of  ditches. 
After  the  weeds  were  pulled  out,  the  ground  was  soaked 
and  harrowed,  and  the  hnli,  or  top  sprouts,  were  planted 
in  rows  in  the  muddy  soil. 

34 


TARO  PLANT 


FARMING  35 

When  the  taro  was  well  started,  water  was  let  in,  and 
kept  there  until  the  taro  was  ripe.  For  six  months  it 
was  weeded,  but  after  that,  weeding  would  have  injured 
the  plant. 

In  twelve  or  fifteen  months  the  leaves  began  to  turn 
yellow.  The  people  first  trampled  between  the  plants  to 
loosen  the  roots,  and  then  pulled  them  up.  The  leaves 
and  roots  were  cut  off  with  a  sharp  shell  knife,  and  the 
stem  with  the  new  shoot  was  thrown  on  the  bank  for  the 
next  planting. 

People  who  lived  on  the  kula,  or  dry  lands,  depended 
upon  upland  taro  and  sweet  potatoes  for  food. 

The  upland  taro  grew  upon  dry  soil  and  needed  no 
special  watering.  The  tool  for  digging  was  the  o-o,  a 
stick  of  hard  wood  sharpened  at  one  end.  The  stems 
were  planted  in  rows. 

There  were  many  varieties  of  sweet  potatoes.  After 
planting  them  in  hills  the  family  would  sometimes  leave 
them  to  grow  without  any  attention,  and  go  off  to  visit 
their  friends.  In  four  or  five  months  they  would  return 
to  find  that  the  crop  was  ripe  and  ready  for  eating.  Then 
it  was  their  turn  to  entertain  visitors. 

REVIEW 

Name  five  articles  of  food  which  the  Hawaiians  raised.  What  is  the 
difference  between  wet  taro  and  upland  taro  ?  How  did  the  farmer  pre- 
pare his  taro  patch  ?  How  did  he  irrigate  it  ?  How  did  he  plant  the 
sprout  ?  How  did  he  care  for  it  ?  How  could  he  tell  when  it  was  ripe  ? 
Tell  of  the  harvesting. 


36          OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

What  was  the  principal  food  of  the  people  who  lived  away  from  streams? 
How  did  the  upland  taro  grow  ?  What  was  the  only  farming  tool  ?  How 
were  sweet  potatoes  raised  ? 

Visit  n  taro  patch  and  compare  it  with  one  of  long  ago.  Can  you  tell 
from  the  looks  of  the  taro  how  nearly  ripe  it  is  ? 


FIRE  AND  COOKING 


The  secret  of  making  fire  was  supposed  to  have  been 
learned  by  the  hero  Maui.  The  following  play,  based  upon 
the  legend  by  Reverend 
O.  A.  Forbes  in  "  Hawaiian 
Folktales,"  tells  how  Maui 
discovered  it. 


THE  ORIGIN  OF  FIRE 

SCENE.    On  the  seashore. 

CHARACTERS.  Maui,  and  five  aloe, 
or  mud  hens. 

(The  alae  are  on  the  beach  gath- 
ering firewood.  Maui  is  near  by,  hid- 
ing behind  some  bushes.) 

First  Alae.  Just  as  soon  as 
those  four  brothers  go  fishing  we 
can  build  our  fire  and  cook  our 
bananas. 

Second  Alae.  Yes,  but  one  of 
us  must  watch  them.  You  re- 
member how  only  the  other  day 
we  had  to  stamp  out  our  fire 
and  scamper  away  because  they 

Third  Alae  (pointing  out  to  sea), 
men  in  it,  so  we  are  safe. 


ALAE,  OR  MUD  HEN 

saw  us.     Maui  almost  caught  us. 
I  can  see  the  boat.    There  are  four 


37 


OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 


BAMBOO  FIRE  BLOWER 


Maui  (to  himself).  Ha !  ha !  those 
birds  are  fooled.  I  dressed  a  calabash 
in  tapa  and  put  it  in  the  bow  of  the 
boat.  They  think  that  I  am  there. 
Hurrah,  I  shall  soon  have  their  secret ! 
(One  alae  brings  a  burning  stick  which 
he  has  lighted  and  sets  fire  to  the  branches. 
Then  they  begin  to  roast  their  bananas.) 

Maui  (leaping  from  his  hiding  place 
and  seizing  one   curly-tailed  alae  as  the 

others  scatter  in  haste).  Now  I  will  kill  you,  you  scamp  of  an  alae. 
Behold,  it  is  you  who  are  keeping  the  secret  of  fire  from  us.  I  will  be 
the  death  of  you  for  this. 

Alae.    If  you  kill  me,  the  secret  dies  with  me  and  you  will  not  get 
the  fire. 

Maui.  Tell  me,  where 
is  the  fire  ? 

Alae.  It  is  in  the  leaf 
of  the  ape. 

Maui  (rubbing  the  leaf 
vigorously  with  a  stick). 
Where  is  the  fire  that 
you  are  hiding  from  me  ? 
Alae.  It  is  in  a  green 
stick. 

Maui  (rubbing  a  green 
stick  with  his  stick).  I  will 
never  let  you  go  until 
you  tell  me  the  truth. 
Alae.  Have  mercy ! 
It  is  surely  in  that  dry 
hau  stick. 

Maui  (rubbing  the  stick 
until  sparks  come).  Now 
there  is  one  thing  more  FIRE  STICKS 


FIRE  AND  COOKING 


to  do.    I  will  rub  the  top  of  your  head  until  it  is  red  with  blood,  and 
the  spot  will  always  remain.     (He  rubs  the  aloe's  head  vigorously  as  it  struggles 

to  get  away.) 

The  Hawaiians  made  fire 
by  friction.  They  made  a 
groove  in  a  small  stick  of 
soft  dry  wood,  usually  from 
the  hau  tree.  Inserting  the 
point  of  a  small  sharpened 
stick  of  hard  wood  into 
the  groove,  they  rubbed  it 
quickly  back  and  forth.  In 
a  short  time  the  wood  was 
charred,  and  in  about  a  min- 

BALL  OF  TAPA  FOR  CARRYING  FIRE     ute     smoke    began    to    come 

and  a  tiny  flame  appeared. 

This  was  fanned  until  it  set  fire  to  the  end  of  a  roll  of 
twisted  tapa. 

People  were  very 
careful  of  this  fire. 
They  used  it  prin- 
cipally for  cooking, 
which  was  done 
out  of  doors.  The 
imu,  or  oven,  was 
a  hole  dug  in  the  FooD  IN  Tl  LEAVES 

ground,  several  feet 

in  diameter  and  about  a  foot  deep.   This  was  lined  with 
stones.    On  top  came  a  layer  of  wood  with  a  few  dry  twigs 


40         OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

for  kindling,  and  last  of  all  came  other  stones.  These 
were  porous  so  that  they  would  not  crack.  When  the 
burning  of  the  firewood  had  made  the  stones  hot,  the 
ashes  were  brushed  away  and  the  oven  was  ready  for  use. 


IMU,  OR  OVEN 

Banana  stumps  were  pounded  flat  and  placed  upon 
the  hot  stones.  Then  the  food,  wrapped  in  leaves,  was 
put  between  layers  of  banana  or  ti  leaves.  These  were 
covered  with  about  six  inches  of  leaves  and  dirt.  A  small 
opening  was  left  for  water  to  be  poured  in  to  steam 
the  food. 

Taro  was  cooked  in  different  ways.    The  root,  baked  in 


FIRE  AND  COOKING  41 

ti  leaves,  was  eaten  as  a  vegetable.  Luau,  or  Hawaiian 
spinach,  was  made  from  the  young  leaves  baked  in 
ti  leaves. 

Poi  was  the  chief  article  of  food.    It  was  made  from 
the  baked  taro  root.    This  was  peeled  and  then  pounded 


POUNDING  Poi 


on  a  long  wooden  poi  board  with  a  stone  pounder  and 
mixed  with  water.  This  was  called  paiai,  and  could  be 
kept  for  some  time.  Poi  was  made  from  this  paiai  by 
mixing  it  with  more  water  and  leaving  it  to  ferment. 

Pounding  poi  was  hard  work  and  was  always  done 
by  the  men.  Often  two  men  worked  at  one  board,  and 
sang  or  joked  as  they  worked. 


42          OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

Besides  being  necessary  for  cooking,  fire  was  also  used 
to  give  light  and  to  dry  out  the  house  during  the  rainy 
season. 

Lamps  were  lava  cups  filled  with  oil  and  had  tapa 
wicks.  Candles  were  strings  of  kukui  nuts,  ten  or  twelve 
nuts  being  strung  upon  the  midrib  of  a  coconut  leaf.  The 
top  one  was  lighted  first,  and  burned  about  three  minutes. 


STONE  PESTLE  AND  Poi  POUNDERS 

Then  the  candle  would  be  inverted  to  set  the  next  nut 
afire,  and  the  burned  nut  would  be  knocked  off. 

Torches  were  made  of  four  or  five  candles  fastened 
together  in  pandanus  leaves. 

In  damp  weather  the  fire  was  built  in  the  center  of 
the  room  upon  stones,  and  the  smoke  escaped  through 
the  doorway. 

REVIEW 

Tell  the  story  of  how  Maui  learned  the  secret  of  making  fire.  Act 
out  the  play  in  the  schoolroom.  Explain  how  fire  was  made.  Find  a 
pointed  stick  of  hard  wood  and  a  dry  hau  branch  and  try  to  make  fire. 
Notice  how  quickly  the  wood  becomes  heated. 


FIRE  AND  COOKING  43 

Tell  how  to  make  an  imu,  or  oven.  Make  one  in  the  sand  pile,  using 
small  stones  and  pieces  of  leaves  and  of  taro  with  the  sand. 

How  was  taro  baked  ?  How  was  luau  made  ?  What  was  paiai  ? 
How  was  it  made  into  poi  ?  Play  that  you  are  pounding  poi.  Let  two 
children  pound  together.  Can  you  sing  the  song  about  the  poi  man,  or 
make  up  a  song  that  will  help  you  in  pounding  ? 

Describe  a  lamp ;  a  candle.  How  did  the  candles  burn  ?  Find  some 
kukui  nuts,  bake  them  slightly,  shell  them,  and  make  a  candle.  How  was 
a  torch  made  ?  When  did  people  need  a  fire  in  their  houses  ? 


GOURDS  AND  CALABASHES 

Suppose  you  had  lived  long  ago  and  could  not  buy  your" 
dishes.    If  vou  had  wanted  to  cook  vour  food  over  the  fire, 

*  + 

it  would  have  been  necessary  to  bake  clay  dishes.  If  you 
had  failed  to  learn  how  to  do  this,  you  would  probably 
have  cooked  over  hot  stones,  using  gourds  and  coconuts 


DECORATED  GOURDS 

and  wooden  dishes  to  hold  the  food.  That  is  what  the 
Hawaiians  did.  They  never  learned  to  make  dishes  that 
would  not  burn. 

They  raised  the  bottle  gourd,  and  also  a  large  gourd 
that  would  sometimes  hold  ten  or  fifteen  gallons. 


GOURDS  AND  CALABASHES 


45 


The  Hawaiian  women  had  one  advantage  in  growing 
their  own  dishes.  They  often  tied  bandages  on  the  young 
fruit  and  made  it  grow  in  the  shape  which  they  wanted. 


MENEHUNES  CARRYING  WATER  IN  CALABASHES 

The  ripe  fruit  was  put  in  the  sun  so  that  the  inside 
would  decompose.  To  clean  the  gourds  for  use,  small 
pebbles  were  shaken  about  in  them. 

Some  of  these  dishes  were  decorated  with  lines  and 
triangles.  A  pattern  was  marked  upon  the  outside  with 
a  piece  of  hard  wood  or  a  stone.  After  standing  in  a 
muddy  taro  patch  for  many  days,  the  marked  places 


46 


OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 


became  black  or  brown  and  harmonized  beautifully  with 

the  rest  of  the  surface,  which  kept  its  light-brown  color. 

The  gourd  was  light  and  durable  and  had  many  uses. 

The  bottle  gourds  with  long  necks  held  water  at  home, 

while  the  short- 
necked  ones  served 
the  same  purpose  on 
journeys  or  in  the 
canoe.  Sometimes 
the  neck  of  a  bottle 
was  filled  with  loose 
fibers  and  served  as 
a  strainer.  The  large 
gourds  were  used  to 
make  calabashes  for 
holding  food,  and 
also  as  trunks,  and 
for  drums,  rattles, 
and  the  like. 

There  are  no  meles 
or  chants  about  the 
first  calabash.  Per- 
haps some  canoe 
maker  was  the  first 
person  who  thought 

of  hollowing  out  a  dish.  To  make  a  calabash,  a  block 
of  wood,  carefully  chosen  and  roughly  trimmed,  was 
soaked  for  months  in  mud  or  in  a  stream  of  water.  Then 
the  outside  was  shaped  with  a  stone  adz.  It  was  polished 


GOURDS  AND  CALABASH  IN  KOKO  PUUPUU 


GOURDS  AND  CALABASHES  47 

first  with  coral,  then  with  smooth  stones,  and  lastly  with 
dried  breadfruit  leaves.  This  gave  it  a  beautiful  finish. 
Finally  the  core  was  cut  out  with  a  small  stone  adz, 
leaving  the  walls  less  than  an  inch  thick. 

Calabashes  were  made  of  many  varieties  of  wood  and 
in  many  shapes  and  sizes.  Some  held  only  a  pint,  others  as 
much  as  ten  gallons.  Bowls,  or  calabashes,  held  poi,  pud- 
ding, and  other  food.  Finger  bowls,  used  by  the  upper 


CALABASHES  AND  FINGER  BOWL 

classes,  had  a  projection  to  remove  the  sticky  poi  from 
between  the  fingers,  which  were  used  as  fork  or  spoon. 
Other  finger  bowls  had  a  compartment  for  water,  and  one 
for  leaves  upon  which  the  fingers  were  dried.  Flat  dishes 
for  meat  occasionally  had  carved  images  at  the  ends. 
Spittoons  were  made  with  handles. 

People  to-day  appreciate  the  beautiful  handwork  on 
these  old  calabashes  and  pay  much  more  for  them  than 
for  the  modern  machine-turned  ones.  Some  of  them  are 
worth  a  great  deal  of  money. 


48          OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

REVIEW 

What  did  the  Hawaiians  use  for  dishes  ?  What  kinds  of  gourds  did 
they  raise  ?  How  could  they  change  the  shape  of  their  dishes  ?  How  did 
they  clean  out  the  inside  ?  How  were  gourds  decorated  ?  For  what  were 
bottle  gourds  used  ?  The  neck  of  a  broken  bottle  served  what  purpose  ? 
How  were  the  large  gourds  used  ? 

Plant  gourd  seeds,  and  when  the  fruit  is  young,  tie  one  or  two  with 
bandages  so  as  to  change  the  shape.  When  the  gourds  are  ripe,  clean  the 
inside  as  people  did  long  ago.  Then,  after  looking  carefully  at  the  old 
patterns,  mark  your  own  pattern  by  cutting  the  skin ;  cover  with  mud 
and  leave  it  until  the  marked  places  become  dark. 

How  should  you  begin  to  make  a  calabash  from  a  block  of  wood  ? 
How  was  the  outside  finished  off  ?  How  was  the  core  dug  out  ?  How 
did  calabashes  differ  ?  Tell  of  at  least  four  different  kinds. 


People  must  have  some  way  of  carrying  things.  At 
first  the  Hawaiian  probably  tied  his  fish  in  a  ti  leaf,  or 
several  fish  in  a  bunch  of  ti  leaves  as  they  do  in  the  fish 
market  to-day.  Then  he  learned  to  braid  roots,  ferns, 
and  leaves  to  make 
baskets. 

A  long  time  ago 
the  people  made 
baskets  out  of  ie-ie 
roots.  The  few  of 
these  that  are  now 
in  the  Bishop  Mu- 
seum show  beau- 
tiful workmanship. 
Sometimes  a  basket 
was  woven  tightly 
over  a  gourd.  When  baskets  were  made  from  the  coconut 
leaf,  the  midrib  was  split  to  form  the  top,  and  its  end 
was  the  handle.  The  leaf  was  split  and  woven. 

The  lauhala  baskets  are  very  light  and  durable,  but 
they  are  not  so  beautiful  as  the  old  baskets  were.  The 
leaves  of  the  hala  tree  were  dried,  then  cut  into  strips 
and  carefully  scraped  with  a  shell  scraper.  They  were 
plainly  woven. 

49 


FISH  TIED  IN  Ti  LEAVES 


5o         OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 


Gourds  or 
calabashes 
were  often 
carried  in 
baskets  made 
of  netting 
from  olona  or 
from  coconut 
cord.  These 
were  care- 
fully woven 
\vith  large 
meshes  and 

served  as  handles  for  the  gourds  or  calabashes.    Such  a 

Basket  was  called  a  koko. 

The  most  common  variety  of  mats  were  made  of  lau- 

kala.   The  leaves  were  prepared  as  for  baskets ;  then  the 


IE-IE  BASKET 


METHOD  OF  STARTING  LAUHALA  MAT 


BASKETS  AND  MATS 


women  wove  the  mats  by  hand,  beginning  in  one  corner 
and  working  diagonally  across.  This  plain  weave  could 
be  skillfully  patched  by  weaving  in  new  strips. 

The   makaloa  mats  were   more   beautiful,  as  well   as 
stronger  and  firmer,  than  the  lauhala  ones.  The  makaloa 


MAKALOA  MAT 


sedge  grew  in  marshy  places  on  Niihau  and  Kauai.  The 
mats  had  to  be  woven  of  young  sedge.  The  stem  was 
straw-colored,  with  its  lower  portion  red.  Other  colors 
were  made  with  vegetable  dyes. 

Captain  Cook  saw  the  following  varieties :  a  white  mat 
with   red   stripes  and  figures   interwoven   on  one   side ; 


OLD-TIME  HAWAI1ANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 


HAWAIIAN  GIRLS  WEAVING  MAT  UNDER  HALA  TREE 

a  mat  of  pale  green  spotted  with  squares  of  red  ;  a  straw- 
colored  one  spotted  with  green ;  and  one  made  of  beauti- 
ful stripes  of  red  and  brown. 

All  the  chants  and  legends  about  weaving  have  been 
lost,  so  that  we  do  not  know  what  god  was  the  patron 
deity  of  weavers. 


REVIEW 

How  did  people  begin  to  make  baskets  ?  Describe  the  baskets  made 
of  the  ie-U  root ;  the  coconut-leaf  baskets ;  the  lauhala  baskets.  Which 
do  you  consider  the  most  beautiful,  and  why  ? 

How  were  gourds  and  calabashes  sometimes  carried  ? 


BASKETS  AND  MATS  53 

Find  something  in  nature  that  can  be  used  as  a  basket.  If  you  have 
a  small  calabash,  tie  or  crochet  a  small  koko  that  will  hold  it  so  that  you 
can  hang  it  up. 

How  were  the  lauhala  mats  made?  What  was  the  makaloa  mat? 
How  was  it  colored  ?  How  did  the  designs  differ  ?  Why  do  we  know  of 
no  god  of  weavers  ?  What  makes  you  think  that  there  must  have  been  one  ? 

Weave  a  mat.  Select  dry  leaves  from  the  hala  tree,  cut  off  the  ends 
and  edges,  and  roll  the  strips.  After  washing  each  strip,  scrape  it  with 
a  knife  to  make  it  flexible ;  then  cut  the  strips  the  desired  width,  and 
weave  as  in  the  picture.  If  you  cannot  get  lauhala  or  a  substitute  in 
nature,  use  strips  of  brown  paper. 


TAPA  MAKING 

Tapa  was  made  of  the  inside  bark  of  any  tree  the 
fibers  of  which  interlaced.  In  Hawaii  the  wauke  fibers 
were  generally  used. 

The  wauke  was  found  wild,  but  it  grew  best  when  it 
was  cared  for.  Slips  were  planted  here  and  there  between 


TAPA  MAKING 


55 


the  rocks.    As  the  shrubs  grew,  their  branches  spread. 

A  year  or  two  after  planting  they  were   cut  down  by 

the  men,  and  the  bark  was  divided  into  long  strips. 

Women  rolled 
these  strips  with 
the  inside  surface 
exposed  so  as  to 
let  the  sap  evapo- 
rate, and  then,  hav- 
ing scraped  off  the 
outer  bark  with  a 
sharp  shell,  they 
soaked  the  bun- 
dles in  the  stream. 
After  soaking,  the  tapa  was  beaten  on  a  smooth  stone 

with    a    round    mallet ;    this   felted   the    fibers   together. 

When  it  had   been   soaked   again,  it  was  beaten  on  a 


TAPA  BEATERS 


BAMBOO  STAMP 

wooden  log  with  a  mallet  having  patterns  on  four  sides, 
to  give  it  an  even  texture.  All  this  time  it  was  kept 
moist  with  water. 

The  tapa  could  be  made  any  size  or  shape  by  over- 
lapping strips  and  beating  them  together. 


OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 


Tapa  was  bleached  in  the  sun  to  make  it  white.  Color- 
ing matter  was  made  from  soil,  or  from  berries  or  roots 
pounded  in  a  stone  mortar  with  a  vegetable  oil  and  mixed 

with  water.    Tapa  was  colored  by 
soaking  it  in  this  dye. 

A  perfume  was  made  of  sandal- 
wood,  or  of  pandanus  seeds  steeped 
in  a  vegetable  oil.  Tapa  soaked  in 
this  became  waterproof,  but  it  did 
not  last  long. 

There  were  many  different  pat- 
terns upon  the  tapa,  made  up  of  lines  and  figures  with- 
out any  special  meaning.  These  patterns  were  stamped 
with  a  bamboo  stamp  or  painted  with  a  brush.  The  brush 
was  a  piece  of  bamboo  split  at  one  end.  Another  kind 
of  brush  was  made  from  a  section  of  the  pandanus  fruit 
frayed  at  one  end. 

The  brush  was  dipped  into  a  calabash  of  paint,  held 
over  the  tapa  in  the  right  hand,  and  pressed  down  with 


PANDANUS  BRUSH 


BAMBOO  MARKER 


the  left  hand.  It  was  so  well  guided  by  the  eye  that  one 
cannot  tell  where  the  parts  were  joined.  Sometimes  a 
rope,  a  sea  urchin,  or  a  breadfruit  leaf  soaked  in  paint 
was  pressed  upon  the  tapa. 


TAPA  MAKING  57 

The  women  had  a  grass  house,  built  especially  for 
tapa  making,  which  was  tabu  for  the  men ;  but  in  pleas- 
ant weather  they  preferred  to  work  out  of  doors.  One 
woman  often  worked  by  herself,  with  her  children  per- 
haps to  help  her.  Sometimes  the  women  would  signal 
from  one  valley  to  another  by  a  special  way  of  beating. 

Tapa  beaters  worshiped  the  goddess  Lauhuki,  and 
offered  sacrifices  to  her  so  that  she  would  help  them 
in  their  work. 

REVIEW 

Why  did  the  fibers  have  to  interlace  to  make  good  tapa  ?  What  bark 
was  used  mostly  ?  How  was  it  grown  ?  How  was  it  cut  ?  What  was  done 
before  the  bundles  were  ready  for  soaking  ?  How  were  they  pounded  ? 
After  a  second  soaking  how  were  they  pounded  ?  How  were  the  strips 
made  into  cloth  ?  How  were  they  colored  and  perfumed  ?  What  kind  of 
pattern  was  marked  upon  the  tapa?  What  brushes  were  used?  How 
was  the  marking  done  ?  Where  did  the  women  beat  tapa  ?  How  did 
they  signal  to  each  other  ?  Who  was  their  special  goddess  ? 

Most  of  the  tapa  that  is  seen  to-day  was  made  in  the  South  Seas. 
The  tapa  design  on  this  book  cover,  and  the  designs  on  the  dresses  of 
the  girls  in  the  different  tableaux  representing  scenes  from  the  early 
life,  are  copies  of  the  old  designs. 

Wauke  trees  can  be  found  growing  wild  in  different  places.  If  you 
are  unable  to  find  one,  select  any  tree  in  which  the  fibers  of  the  inner 
bark  interlace.  Take  a  long  branch,  cut  the  bark  lengthwise,  and  peel  it 
off  in  one  strip.  Leave  it  until  the  sap  evaporates.  Scrape  off  the  outer 
bark  and  soak  the  remaining  strip  of  fibers  until  it  is  soft.  Then  pound 
it  upon  a  meat  board  with  a  potato  masher  for  a  hohoa,  or  mallet,  if  you 
are  not  able  to  get  the  real  tools.  Soak  it  again,  and  then  overlap  two 
strips  and  pound  them  together.  Paint  your  own  tapa  design,  following 
the  idea  of  the  old  tapas. 


FEATHERWORK 

Hawaii  is  famous  for  the  feather  ornaments  which  in 
the  old  days  were  worn  by  the  nobility. 

Every  chief  had  retainers  who  were  birdcatchers. 
They  knew  the  haunts  and  habits  of  the  iiwi  and  aka- 
kane,  the  mamo  and  the  o-o,  from  which  they  got  the 


BIRDS  OF  THE  HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS 

beautiful  red  and  yellow  feathers.    These  birds  lived  in 
the  forests  on  the  mountain  sides. 

The  hunters  often  attracted  the  birds  by  planting  cer- 
tain trees.  Sometimes  they  snared  them  in  nets  or  felled 
them  with  slings.  Often  they  caught  them  on  a  branch 

58 


FEATHERWORK 


59 


smeared  with  a  sticky  gum.    Then  they  could  pull  out 
the  few  bright  feathers  without  killing  the  bird. 

The  capes,  helmets,  and  idols  were  made  by  tying  the 
feathers  to  olona  netting,  which  was  the  work  of  women. 
The  rows  of  feathers  were 
so  close  together  that  the 
work  looked  like  the  breast 
of  a  dove.  The  edges 
were  kept  smooth  by  re- 
versing the  feathers  at  the 
border. 

The  capes  were  shaped 
by  fastening  small  pieces 
of  netting  together,  and 
then  the  feathers  were  tied 
on.  Some  capes  were  made 
of  one  color,  others  had 
a  border  of  a  contrasting 
color,  while  some  had  cres- 
cents or  figures  of  still 


FEATHER  CAPES  AND  LEIS 


another  color.  The  design 

was  drawn  first  upon  white 

tapa,   and  circles   were   made    true    with    a   cord.     The 

highest  chiefs  wore  long  capes  which  reached  to  their 

ankles,  while  the  lesser  chiefs  wore  short  capes  over  their 

shoulders. 

Many  of  the  capes  are  now  in  the  Bishop  Museum  and 
are  worth  thousands  of  dollars.  The  most  valuable  one 
is  made  of  the  orange-colored  feathers  of  the  mamo,  a 


6o 


OLD-TIME  HAWAII ANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 


bird  which  is  now  extinct.   It  was  worn  by  Kamehameha  I, 
and  was  at  least  one  hundred  years  in  the  making. 

The  helmets  are  as  wonderful  as  the  capes,  and  they 
are  as  graceful  in  shape  as  those  made  by  the  old  Greeks. 

The   framework  is 

ie-ie  basketry  cov- 
ered with  olona  net- 
ting. Feathers  of 
different  colors  are 
tied  to  this  netting. 
One  helmet  has 
red  feathers  with 
stripes  of  black, 
yellow,  and  green 
feathers,  and  an- 
other is  red  with  a 
high  crest  of  yellow. 
Both  capes  and  hel- 
mets were  worn  by 
chiefs  in  battle  or 
on  state  occasions, 
and  generous  chiefs 
gave  them  as  pres- 


FEATHER  HELMET  entS. 

The  feather  idols 

were  made  in  the  same  way  as  the  helmets,  and  hoops 
were  put  inside  to  make  the  head  firm.  The  faces  were 
hideous  with  their  wide,  gaping  mouths  lined  with 
shark's  teeth. 


FEATHERWORK 


6l 


A  kahili  is  a  long  pole  with  a  bunch  of  feathers  tied 
to  one  end.  Long  ago,  doubtless,  flies  were  brushed  away 
with  a  bunch  of  leaves.  Then  some  one 
tied  feathers  to  a  handle  for  the  same 
purpose,  and  soon  larger  ones  were  made. 
These  looked  so  grand  that  upon  state 
occasions  the  chiefs  had  special  men  called 
&z/h'/2-bearers  to  carry  them.  The  smaller 
ones  kept  their  use  as  flyflaps. 

Some  of  the  handles  were  made  of  kau- 
ila  wood  inlaid  with  shell,  bone,  or  ivory. 
Bunches  of  feathers  were  tied  to  the  han- 
dle, with  an  inverted  cone  of  small  feathers 
at  the  base. 

These  feathers  were  so  valuable  that 
when  not  in  use  they  were  taken  from 
the  handles  and  carefully  stored  away  in 
calabashes. 

A  lei  was  made  by  tying  small  feathers 
tightly  to  a  strong  cord  of  oloua.    Usually 
the  feather  lei  was  all  of  one  color,  but  sometimes  there 
were  bands  of  red  and  yellow.  These  lets  were  worn  only 
by  women  of  the  nobility  and   were   carefully  kept   in 
joints  of  bamboo  when  not  in  use. 

REVIEW 

Who  used  the  feather  ornaments  ?  What  did  the  hunters  know  about 
the  birds  ?  Where  are  the  yellow  feathers  on  the  mamo  and  the  o-o  ? 
the  red  feathers  on  the  akakane  and  the  iiwi  ?  How  did  they  catch  the 
birds?  If  you  can  find  the  birds  in  the  forest,  watch  them.  How  is 


KAHILI 


62 


OLD-TIME  HAWAIIAN^  AND  THEIR  WORK 


their  color  a  protection?  What  other  colors  were  found  upon  different 
birds  ?    (See  the  bird  and  feather  work  in  the  Bishop  Museum.) 

How  were  feathers  put  on  the  framework  ?    How  were  the  capes 
worn,  and  how  did  they  show  rank?    How  were  they  shaped?   What 


PUPILS'  CONSTRUCTION  WORK 

were  the  different  patterns  ?    How  were  they  put  on  ?    Describe  the 
feather  cape  which  belonged  to  Kamehameha  I.    Why  is  it  priceless  ? 

What  made  the  helmets  beautiful  ?  How  were  they  made  ?  What  is 
a  kahili  t  How  do  you  think  the  people  began  to  make  them  ?  For  what 
were  they  used  ?  How  were  they  made  ?  Where  were  they  stored  when 
not  in  use  ? 


FEATHERVVORK  63 

How  was  a  feather  lei  made  ?  Where  was  it  stored  ?  By  whom  was 
it  worn  ? 

Draw  examples  of  the  different  kinds  of  featherwork,  using  your  own 
designs,  but  following  the  general  plan  of  design.  Then  color  these, 


PUPILS'  CONSTRUCTION  WORK 

using  red  and  yellow  for  the  main  colors.    Green,  blue,  black,  and  white 
were  also  used. 

Draw  and  color  the  figure  of  a  Hawaiian  wearing  a  cape  and  helmet 
and  holding  a  spear.  Draw  another  figure  of  a  man  in  a  sitting  position 
spinning  olona  upon  his  thigh. 


DRESS  AND  ORNAMENT 

The  people  did  not  need  much  clothing  in  that  mild 
climate.  They  used  tapa  and  matting  for  clothes,  and 
shells,  seeds,  or  flowers  for  decoration.  . 


MENEHUNES  WEARING  THE  MALO 

Women  wore  the  pau,  which  was  made  from  a  piece 
of  tapa  about  four  yards  long  and  one  yard  wide.  It  was 
made  in  several  layers,  often  beautifully  colored  red, 
yellow,  or  black. 

64 


DRESS  AND  ORNAMENT  65 

The  pau  was  usually  worn  as  a  short  skirt.  It  was 
wound  around  the  body  several  times,  and  the  end  was 
tucked  in  at  the  waist  or  drawn  up  over  one  shoulder.  A 
cord  at  the  waist  made  it  more  secure ;  and  when  a  smooth 
pebble  was  rolled  up  in  the  top  edge  and  tucked  under 


MAKING  FLOWER  LEIS 

the  cord  there  was  no  need  for  buttons  and  button- 
holes. A  convenient  way  to  put  on  the  pau  was  to  spread 
it  out  on  the  grass  and  roll  up  in  it. 

The  malo  was  the  dress  of  the  men.  It  was  a  strip  of 
tapa  about  nine  inches  wide  and  three  yards  long  and 
was  wound  about  the  loins.  The  kihei,  which  was  like  a 
shawl,  was  usually  worn  by  men.  They  threw  it  over  one 


66 


OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 


shoulder  and  under  the  other  arm,  and  tied  it  in  front  or 
on  the  shoulder.    Sometimes  women  wore  the  kiliei,  which 

they  put  on  as  we  do 
a  shawl. 

Some  of  the  people 
tattooed  their  bodies. 
They  got  the  idea  from 
the  natives  of  the  South 
Seas.  They  thought 
because  it  attracted 
attention  that  it  was 
beautiful. 

All  the  people  liked 
to  wear  leis,  or  wreaths, 
which  they  made  from 
flowers,  vines,  seeds, 
shells,  shark's  teeth, 
and  even  from  hu- 
man hair.  These  they 
wound  around  their 
heads  or  about  their 
necks. 

Bracelets  and  ank- 
lets were  made  of  dog's  or  hog's  teeth  or  of  shells. 

The  nobility  wore  the  feather  capes  and  helmets  and 
the  necklace  with  palaoa  (a  hook-shaped  pendant  of 
ivory  or  whale  tooth  fastened  to  many  cords  of  closely 
braided  human  hair)  on  special  occasions.  These  things 
were  a  sign  of  rank. 


DOG-TEETH  ANKLETS 


DRESS  AND  ORNAMENT  67 

REVIEW 

What  did  people  of  the  old  days  wear  for  clothes  and  for  ornament  ? 
What  was  the  dress  of  the  women?  How  was  it  made?  How  was 
it  worn  ? 

Describe  the  dress  of  the  men.  How  did  they  wear  the  malo  ?  the 
kihei  1  How  did  women  wear  the  kihei? 

Why  did  people  tattoo  themselves  ?  What  were  Ids  made  of  ?  How 
did  the  nobility  dress  to  show  their  rank  ? 

Compare  the  ornaments  of  long  ago  with  those  of  to-day.  Take  a 
shawl  and  drape  it  around  you  to  show  how  the  kihei  was  worn  by  women ; 
by  men.  Fold  the  shawl  for  a.pa'u  and  show  how  it  was  worn. 

Find  seeds  or  flowers  or  shells  or  vines  and  string  a  lei. 


ADZ  FACTORIES 

The  adz  was  the  most  important  tool.  It  was  made 
of  clinkstone,  —  a  hard  stone  found  in  only  a  few  places 
which  were  usually  high  up  on  the  mountains.  The  fac- 
tory was  always  in  one  of  these  places,  and  the  work 
was  carried  on  for  only  a  part  of  each  year. 

In  our  factories  to-day  each  man  has  one  kind  of  work 
to  do,  and  so  he  makes  part  of  many  articles.  In  the 


ADZ 


factories  of  those  days  the  men  liked  to  work  together, 
but  there  was  no  division  of  labor. 

The  adz  maker  first  tested  his  stone  to  be  sure  that 
there  were  no  flaws  in  it ;  then  he  separated  the  flakes 
from  the  rock  with  a  pebble  for  a  hammer.  With  a  clink- 
stone chisel  he  chipped  it  into  shape  and  then  ground 
off  the  edges  with  a  stone  grindstone. 

68 


ADZ  FACTORIES  69 

The  handle  was  made  later  from  a  branch  of  hau  or 
of  other  wood.  Notice  in  the  picture  how  a  piece  of  tapa 
is  between  the  adz  and  the  handle,  and  how  securely  it 
is  tied  with  olona  or  with  coconut  fibers. 

The  art  of  adz  making  was  a  secret  handed  down 
from  father  to  son.  It  was  protected  by  special  gods,  and 


REVERSIBLE  ADX 

each  factory  had  a  heiau,  or  temple,  in  which  sacrifices 
could  be  offered  to  these  gods. 

The  largest  adzes,  weighing  as  much  as  twelve  pounds, 
were  used  for  felling  trees.  Different  sizes  were  needed 
for  hollowing  canoes,  building  houses,  etc.  Some  were 
less  than  an  ounce  in  weight  and  were  used  in  carving  idols. 

REVIEW 

What  was  the  most  important  tool  in  the  old  days  ?  Where  was  the 
material  found  ?  How  did  the  factory  differ  from  one  of  to-day  ? 

Tell  just  how  the  adz  was  made  and  what  tools  were  used.  How  was 
the  handle  tied  on  ?  Can  you  tell  why  a  piece  of  tapa  or  of  dry  leaf 
was  inserted  ? 


70          OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

Could  everybody  make  adzes  ?  Explain.  How  did  the  adz  makers 
get  the  favor  of  the  gods  ?  For  what  were  the  largest  adzes  used  ?  other 
sizes  ?  the  smallest  ones  ? 

Notice  the  adzes  in  the  Bishop  Museum  and  tell  what  the  different 
sizes  were  used  for. 

Try  to  shape  an  adz  with  a  pebble  hammer.  Are  you  able  to  break 
off  flakes  of  stone  ?  Perhaps  you  can  find  a  stone  the  shape  of  an  adz 
or  get  a  real  one.  Then  cut  a  branch  of  a  tree  at  the  fork  and  tie  on 
your  handle.  See  if  you  can  use  this  adz.  Sometimes  shell  was  used  for 
the  adz  in  place  of  stone,  wood,  or  coconut. 


HOUSEBUILDING 


The  Hawaiians  had  grass  houses.  These  were  used 
chiefly  for  storing  things,  as  the  people  were  out  of 
doors  most  of  the  time. 

Housebuilding  was  done 
with  few  tools.  The  o-o 
was  used  to  dig  holes  for 
the  posts,  which  were  hewn 
down  with  the  stone  adz. 
Deep  notches  in  the  posts 
were  cut  with  a  stone  file, 
and  holes  for  pegs  in  the 
door  were  bored  with  a 
pump  drill.  A  thatching 
needle  was  used  when  the 
cord  could  not  be  drawn 
through  the  grass  with  the 
fingers. 

The  chief  had  carpen-         PUMP  DRILL  USED  FOR  BORING 

.  .  .  HOLES 

ters  among  his  retainers. 

When  a  new  house  was  built  they  acted  as  lunas,  or  over- 
seers, and  the  common  people  did  the  work  without  pay. 
The  strong  men  brought  the  timber  from  the  forests 
for  the  posts  and  framework.  The  women  and  children 
gathered  a  huge  pile  of  grass  and  ferns  for  thatching,  and 

71 


72          OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

the  old  men  made  a  cord  of  coconut  fibers  and  wound 
it  into  balls  to  be  used  for  tying  the  parts  together. 

In  some  houses  a  floor  was  made  of  smooth  pebbles. 
The  posts  for  the  two  long  sides  were  put  in  parallel 
rows,  perhaps  five  in  a  row.  The  main  poles  at  the 
ends  and  midway  between  the  others  were  higher  and 


HAWAIIAN  GIRLS  EATING  Poi 


notched  at  the  top  to  fit  the  ridgepole  which  connected 
them.  Small  poles  connected  the  ridgepole  with  the  side 
posts.  Sticks  were  put  erect  and  crosswise  between  the 
posts  and  tied  securely. 

The  house  was  sometimes  thatched  with  leaves,  but 
more  usually  with  grass.    Small  bundles  were  tied  to  the 


HOUSEBUILDING 


framework  so  that  the  roots  turned  upwards  and  were 
inside.  The  thatching  was  done  from  the  bottom  up- 
wards. Carpenters  finished  the  edges  with  fern  stems. 

The  doorway  was  low,  and  had  grass  carefully  braided 
around  the  opening.  The  door  was  of  rudely  cut  boards 
fastened  to  cross  boards  with  wooden  pegs. 

Sometimes  the  front  rafters  were  extended  and  fastened 
to  posts,  making  a  lanai,  or  porch  thatched  with  leaves. 
Often  the  lanai  was 
separate  from  the 
house. 

The  common  folk 
had  houses  made 
just  like  those  of  the 
alii,  or  chiefs,  only 
they  were  smaller, 
fewer,  and  not  so 
well  finished.  Each 
family  had  to  build 
its  own  house,  un- 
less the  neighbors 
were  willing  to  help.  In  each  village  was  a  special  car- 
penter to  finish  the  edges  of  the  roof  and  the  corners; 
he  was  paid  in  advance  with  presents. 

It  was  not  long  before  a  grass  house  had  to  be  re- 
thatched,  and  in  a  hard  Kona  storm  the  roof  often  leaked. 

Housebuilding  needed  the  favor  of  the  gods,  requiring 
the  services  of  a  priest,  for  which  he  received  presents, 
the  people  building  the  house,  he  making  offerings  and 


CONSTRUCTING  A  GRASS  HOUSE  IN  THE  MANNER 
OF  OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS 


74          OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

prayers  to  the  gods.  Often  the  priest  was  the  first  one 
to  sleep  in  a  new  house ;  it  was  then  his  custom  to  offer 
prayers  to  keep  out  the  evil  spirits. 

REVIEW 

What  kind  of  houses  did  the  Hawaiians  have  ?  What  was  their  chief 
use  ?  How  did  the  houses  of  the  common  people  differ  from  those  of 
the  chief  ?  Who  built  the  house  for  a  common  person  ?  for  a  chief  ?  How 
was  the  work  divided  ?, 

Make  a  drawing  of  the  framework  and  tell  from  it  how  the  parts 
were  put  together.  How  was  the  house  thatched  ?  How  was  the  door- 
way, finished  ?  Describe  the  door.  Tell  how  the  lanai  was  made.  What 
tools  were  used  in  housebuilding?  How  durable  was  a  grass  house? 
What  services  did  the  priest  perform  ? 

Make  a  grass  house.  Cut  cardboard  as  shown  in  the  diagram  and 
paste  it  in  the  shape  of  a  house.  Paste  real  grass  upon  it. 

If  you  prefer  a  real  grass  house,  you  can  make  it  like  the  one  in 
the  picture. 


DIAGRAM  FOR  HOUSE  OF  CARDBOARD 


HOUSE  FURNISHING 


Let  us  now  make  a  list  of  the  articles  which  were  used 
or  kept  in  the  house. 

The  bed  was  made  of  lauhala  mats.  These  were  on 
the  floor,  or  else  on  a  hikiee,  —  a  platform  of  leaves  and 

mats  screened  off 
from  the  rest  of 
the  house. 

The  covering  was* 
made  of  five  pieces 
of  tapa  fastened  to- 
gether at  one  end 
with  a  tapa  tape, 
the  outside  piece 
LAUHALA  PILLOW  being  decorated. 

This  covering  was  folded  and  put  away  in  the  day- 
time. The  pillow  was  made  of  pandanus  or  lauhala 
matting  and  was  stuffed  with  leaves;  but  some  people 
used  only  a  log  of  wood  or  a  stone  for  a  pillow. 

The  houses  were 
lighted  with  stone 
lamps  and  kukui- 
nut  candles,  which 
have  already  been 
described. 

SPOON  MADE  OF  HALF  A  COCONUT  SHELL 
75 


76 


OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 


Dishes  have  also  been  described.   They  were  gourds, 
wooden  calabashes,  and  coconuts.    Spoons  were  made  of 

a  piece  of  coconut 
shell  fastened  to  a 
wooden  handle. 

Large,  light,  water- 
proof gourds  were 
used  to  store  away 
tapa,  feather  capes,  olona  nets,  and  other  articles.  Part  of 
a  tree  was  placed  in  the  floor  or  outside  the  door,  and 
these  gourds,  in  kokos  or  netting,  were  hung  upon  the 


KNIFE  OF  SHARK'S  TEETH  FASTENED  TO 
WOODEN  HANDLE 


PANDANUS  PRESERVES  FOR  LONG  VOYAGES,  TIED  IN  MATTING 

branches.    Sometimes    they   were   hung   on    projections 
extending  from  the  framework  of  the  house. 

Fishlines   were    stored    in    bottle    gourds    with    long 
necks,  and   lets  in 
joints  of  bamboo. 

The  walls  were 
ornamented  with 
useful  things  such 
as  spears,  daggers,  COMB 


HOUSE  FURNISHING 


77 


adzes,  bows  and  arrows,  o-os,  and  brooms.  The  kahili, 
or  broom,  was  made  of  the  midribs  of  coconut  leaves 
tied  together  at  one  end.  Women  squatted  down  when 
they  swept. 

The  toilet  articles 
were  few.  A  comb 
was  cut  from  bone 
or  made  from  pieces 
of  the  midrib  of  a 
coconut  leaf  bound 
together.  Looking- 
glasses  were  of  pol- 
ished wood  dyed 
black  or  of  polished 
stone  clipped  in 
water.  A  knife  for 
cutting  hair  was 
made  of  shark's 
teeth  fastened  to 
a  wooden  handle. 
The  laau  lomi-lomi 
was  a  stick  used  for 
exercising  the  back. 
After  this  exercise 
with  the  lomi-lomi  a  stone  of  cellular  lava  was  used  for  soap. 
Surf  boards  and  ulu-maika,  or  stones  for  bowling,  were 
kept  wrapped  in  tapa.  A  stone  papamu  showed  that  the 
family  were  fond  of  konane,  or  checkers.  Gourds  filled  with 
pebbles  served  as  rattles  or  castanets  in  the  dance. 


HAWAIIAN  GIRL  SWEEPING  WITH  PRIMITIVE 
BROOM 


OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 


REVIEW 

What  did  the  Hawaiians  use  for  beds  ?   for  covering  ?   for  pillows  ? 
How  were  their  houses  lighted  ?   What  dishes  did  they  have  ?    How 
were  spoons  made  ?   How  did  they  store  things  away,  and  why  ?  How 
were  the  walls  decorated  ?   What  did  they  use  for  a  comb  ?  a  looking- 
glass  ?  a  knife  ?  soap  ? 
What  was  a  lomi-lomi 
.     stick?   Name  some  of 
the  things  which  they 
used   in   their   games. 
Do  you  know  of  other 
things  which  they  had 
in  their  houses  ? 

Make  a  list  of  all 
the  articles  that  might 
have  been  in  Keikiwai's 
house  when  he  lived 
with  Manuia  the  fisher- 
man. In  another  list 
name  the  things  which 

were  probably  in  the  house  of  Kaolani.    Is  there  anything  in  the  list 
which  was  not  useful? 

If  you  have  already  made  a  grass  house,  furnish  it  as  well  as  you 
can.  Use  the  mat  which  you  have  woven.  Make  a  broom  •  of  small 
pieces  of  the  midrib  of  a  coconut  leaf.  Fasten  a  branch  of  a  tree  in 
front  of  the  house  and  hang  the  kokos,  with  calabashes  which  you 
have  made,  upon  the  limbs.  If  you  can  get  a  native  doll,  dress  her 
in  a  pa'u  of  cloth  or  paper  decorated  to  look  like  tapa,  or  else  in  the 
small  piece  of  real  tapa  which  you  have  made.  Perhaps  you  can  think 
of  other  furniture  to  use  in  your  house. 


LOMI-LOMI  STICK 


STONEWORK 


The  masons  of  long  ago  were  strong  men  who  lifted  and 
carried  all  the  heavy  stones  by  hand.  Many  men  worked 
together,  passing  the  stones  from  hand  to  hand  or  from 


MENEHUNES  BUILDING  A  STONE  WALL 

shoulder  to  shoulder  without  dropping  a  single  one.  The 
mason  had  to  be  skillful  in  matching  his  stones  so  that 
the  wall  would  be  firm  and  strong. 

79 


80          OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

Fishponds  and  heiaus  needed  the  same  kind  of  work- 
manship. Let  us  see  how  a  fishpond  was  made.  Kame- 
hameha  I  had  one  constructed  at  a  little  fishing  village 
called  Kiholo.  First  a  strong  wall  was  built  to  inclose  a 
bay  which  was  a  half  mile  across.  The  wall  was  six  feet 
high  in  some  places  and  twenty  feet  wide.  Several  arches 
were  raised,  and  under  them  stakes  were  driven  into  the 
ground  far  enough  apart  so  that  the  water  could  come  in, 
and  near  enough  together  so  that  the  fish  could  not  get  out. 


HEIAU  CONSTRUCTED   OF  CARDBOARD  BY   PUPILS   OF  FlFTH  GRADE 

Heiaus  were  built  upon  stone  platforms  and  were  in- 
closed by  stone  walls.  Stories  of  the  Menehunes  tell  how 
they  built  heiaus  and  surprised  the  people.  At  Pepeekeo, 
in  Hilo,  Hawaii,  the  chief  had  ordered  a  heiau.  After  col- 
lecting a  huge  pile  of  stones  the  tired  workers  went  away 
for  the  night.  In  the  morning  they  could  hardly  believe 
their  eyes,  for  there  was  the  heiau  all  finished. 

Another  heiau  stands  on  a  high  cliff  near  Kalaupapa 
on  Molokai.  It  is  where  no  one  can  reach  it,  and  the 
stones  of  which  it  is  built  are  like  the  stones  of  the 


STONEWORK  8 1 

seashore.  How  can  this  be  accounted  for  unless  it  was 
built  by  fairies  ?  Do  you  remember  that  one  legend  tells 
us  that  the  heiau  in  Kohala,  on  Hawaii,  was  built  by  the 
priest  Paao?  Here  the  stones  had  to  be  carried  from  a 
valley  several  miles  away  to  a  grassy  plain.  The  nimble 
little  fairies  passed  them  along  so  rapidly  that  the  work, 
as  usual,  was  finished  in  one  night. 

The  ruins  of  the  different  heiaus  which  can  still  be  seen 
show  us  how  well  they  were  made.  The  largest puuhonua, 
or  place  of  refuge,  was  at  Honaunau,  on  Hawaii.  Within 
its  walls  were  three  large  heiaus,  also  houses  for  the  priests 
and  for  the  refugees.  Some  of  the  largest  stones  in  the 
walls  weigh  several  tons,  yet  they  were  lifted  as  much  as 
six  feet  from  the  ground. 

REVIEW 

How  were  stones  lifted  by  the  masons  of  long  ago  ?  How  are  they 
lifted  at  the  present  time  ?  What  ability  was  needed  in  order  to  be  a 
good  mason?  Describe  a  fishpond.  Why  were  the  ponds  built?  How 
were  heiaus  built  ?  What  was  their  use  ?  Tell  how  the  Menehunes  built 
one  at  Pepeekeo ;  on  a  high  cliff  on  Molokai ;  in  Kohala.  Describe  the 
puiihonua  at  Honaunau  on  Hawaii.  What  was  the  use  of  the  place  of 
refuge  ?  Do  you  know  of  any  other  country  which  had  a  place  of  refuge 
for  the  fugitive  ? 

Visit  the  Bishop  Museum  and  notice  the  model  of  a  heiau.  The  pic- 
ture shows  a  cardboard  one  which  was  made  by  Hawaiian  children. 
Make  one  for  yourself.  The  grass  house  which  you  have  already  made 
can  be  placed  within  the  walls  for  the  priest. 


SONGS  AND  DANCES 


The  old  songs,  or  meks,  had  neither  rime  nor  meter. 
The  people  sang  deep  down  in  their  throats,  and  used 
only  two  or  three  tones.  A  good  singer  had  to  be  able 
to  breathe  deeply,  for  the  phrases  were  very  long. 

These  meles  were  composed  by  the  bards.  They  taught 
them  to  their  sons,  who  passed  them  on  to  their  children, 
and  in  that  way  many  of  them  have  come  down  to  us.  It 

is  only  through  these  songs 
that  we  know  anything  at 
all  about  the  life  of  the  past. 
The  songs  were  made  up 
of  flowery  words,  and  were 
prayers,  dirges,  love  songs, 
and  name  songs  which  were 
composed  at  the  birth  of  a 
chief  to  tell  who  his  ances- 
tors were. 

We  know  that  the  first  drums  were  brought  from  the 
South  Seas  by  Laa-mai-Kahiki.  Other  and  smaller  drums 
were  made  of  coconut  shells  or  wooden  calabashes  covered 
on  one  side  with  shark's  skin. 

The  Hawaiians  had  wind  instruments  also.  Perhaps 
the  thought  of  making  such  instruments  came  to  them 

when  they  heard  the  wind  blowing  through  the  reeds. 

82 


KlOKIO 


SONGS  AND  DANCES  83 

The  kiokio  was  a  gourd  with  three  holes,  put  against  the 
nose  and  blown  with  one  nostril,  the  other  being  closed ; 
the  nose  flute  was  similar,  but  made  of  a  tube  of  bamboo. 

Perhaps  the  twang  of  the  bowstring  might  have  led 
people  to  think  of  mak- 
ing string  instruments.  The 
ukeke  was  a  bow  of  flexible 
wood  having  several  strings 
of  coconut  or  olona  fiber.  NosE  FLUTE 

In  those  days  people  were  as  fond  of  dancing  as  they 
were  of  swimming.  Public  dancers  were  usually  a  few 
women  who  were  trained  for  this  work.  They  wore  dec- 
orated pau,  leis  of  flowers  and  vines  and  shells  around 
their  necks  or  on  their  heads,  and  bracelets  and  anklets  of 


UKEKE 


teeth.    The  dancers  kept  time  to  music  and  often  acted 
out  the  song  as  it  was  chanted. 

At  first  the  hula  was  in  honor  of  the  gods  or  in  praise 
of  the  chiefs,  and  the  dancers  worshiped  the  goddess  Laka. 
Later  its  purpose  was  changed  and  it  became  corrupt. 


84          OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

REVIEW 

Describe  the  chant,  or  mele.  If  possible,  leam  to  sing  one.  How  does 
it  compare  with  modern  music  ?  How  were  these  meles  preserved  ? 

Describe  the  drums;  the  wind  instruments;  the  string  instrument, 
and  tell  how  it  is  like  the  ukelele  of  to-day.  Make  a  nose  flute,  or  kiokio, 
or  an  ukeke,  and  try  to  make  music  upon  it. 

Describe  the  hula,  or  dance.  How  were  the  dancers  dressed  ?  What 
was  the  purpose  of  the  hula  of  long  ago  ?  Has  it  changed  ? 


GAMES 

The  old-time  Hawaiians  were  fond  of  games,  and  their 
outdoor  sports  made  them  strong  and  alert.  The  games 
in  the  water  helped  them  to  be  better  fishermen. 

Little  babies  were  taught  to  swim,  and  they  always 
liked  to  play  in  the  water.  Boys  became  experts  in  jump- 
ing from  high  precipices,  and  in  diving,  floating,  and 
swimming  under  water  or  with  their  feet  interlocked. 

Surf  riding  is  still  the  national  sport.  Many  of  us 
know  by  experience  how  hard  it  is  to  keep  our  board 


on  the  edge  of  the  wave  and  to  steer  it  so  that  the  wave 
carries  us  along.  In  those  days  the  boards  were  larger, 
and  riders  could  change  their  position  while  surfing. 
They  liked  to  stand  as  they  rode  in.  Sometimes  they 
rode  the  surf  in  frail  canoes,  which  is  the  most  popular 
way  at  the  present  time. 

The  wooden  surf  boards  were  painted  black.  After 
being  used  they  were  dried  in  the  sun,  rubbed  with  coco- 
nut oil,  wrapped  in  tapa,  and  hung  inside  the  house. 

85 


86 


OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 


ULU-MAIKA 


There  are  in  these  islands  many  steep  hills  covered 
with  long  slippery  grass.    Most  of  us  know  what  fun  it 

is  to  slide  down  them  upon 
ti  leaves.  In  olden  times  a 
sled  called  the  papa  holua 
was  used  on  prepared  courses 
or  slides  called  holua.  There 
is  one  in  the  Bishop  Museum 
which  shows  you  how  very 
long  and  how  very  narrow 
such  a  sled  was.  It  took 
much  practice  to  keep  one's 
balance  upon  it. 

In  making  ready  to  slide, 

the  person  stood  back  of  the  brow  of  the  hill,  the  sled 
held  by  the  side  piece  with 
his  right  hand.  He  ran 
swiftly  to  the  beginning 
of  the  slide,  then  grasped 
the  other  side  with  his 
left  hand,  fell  flat  upon 
the  board,  steadied  him- 
self with  his  feet  upon  the 
back  crosspiece,  and  shot 
headforemost  down  the 
kolua,  sometimes  a  dis- 
tance of  half  a  mile. 

Puhenehene  was  the  fa- 
vorite game  of  the  nobility.  SLING 


GAMES  87 

Sometimes  they  played  it  for  days  at  a  time.  Five 
bundles  of  tapa  were  placed  in  a  row,  and  the  players, 
divided  into  two  parties,  took  their  places  upon  opposite 
sides  of  the  bundles.  A  player  hid  a  stone  under  one  of 
the  bundles,  while  his  opponents  watched  the  muscles 
of  his  arm  and  guessed  where  the  stone  was  hid.  Each 


HAWAIIAN  GIRLS  PLAYING  PUHENEHENE 

player  had  a  polished  stick,  and  each  in  turn  was  per- 
mitted to  tap  a  bundle,  the  object  being  to  leave  for  the 
last  one  the  bundle  over  the  stone.  If  the  guessers  were 
successful  the  stone  went  to  their  side,  and  was  next 
hidden  by  them ;  otherwise  the  first  side  scored  as  many 
points  as  there  were  bundles  remaining  when  the  stone 
was  discovered. 

Pahee  was  a  game  which  was  popular  with  the  common 


88          OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

people.  The  kahua  upon  which  it  was  played  was  a  long 
level  track  about  three  feet  wide.  The  pahee  was  a  blunt 
dart  of  heavy  wood  a  foot  or  more  in  length.  One  game 

was  to  send  it  between  two 
sticks  placed  three  or  four 
inches   apart,   and  another 
HAWAIIAN  WEAPON  '  game  was  to  throw  or  rather 

slide  it  as  far  as  possible. 

Maika  was  played  upon  a  similar  kahua  with  a  pol- 
ished stone  called  the  ulu-maika.  This  stone  was  circu- 
lar, thicker  in  the  center  so  that  it  would  roll  well.  One 
game  was  to  roll  it  between  sticks  which  were  thirty  or 
forty  yards  away.  Sometimes  the  players  rolled  it  as 
far  as  possible,  the  best  ones  making  a  distance  of  about 
one  hundred  rods.  After  a  game  the  ulu-maika  was 
carefully  dried  and 
wrapped  in  tapa. 

Konane  was  a 
little  like  checkers, 
only  more  difficult. 
The  checkers  were 
black  and  white 
pebbles,  and  the 
papamu  or  board 

was       USUallv        of      NEWA,  OR  DEVICE  FOR  TRIPPING  UP  AN  ENEMY 

stone,  with  indentations  for  the  squares.  Kamehameha  I 
was  fond  of  this  game,  and  often  played  for  hours  at  a 
time  without  saying  a  word.  He  was  so  skillful  that  no 
one  could  win  from  him. 


GAMES 


In  war  the  Hawaiians  fought  with  spears,  daggers, 
and  slings.  Usually  it  was  in  a  hand-to-hand  contest. 
Their  warlike  games  of  boxing,  wrestling,  and  hurling 
javelins  and  stones  made  them  agile  and  alert.  Once 


KAMEHAMEHA  AT  SPEAR  PRACTICE.    (FROM  AN  OLD  PAINTING) 

six  spears  were  thrown  at  Kamehameha  I  at  the  same 
time.  He  caught  three,  warded  off  two,  and  dodged  the 
last  one. 

Children  had  many  games  of  their  own  much  like  the 
games  which  you  enjoy.  They  played  with  jackstones 
and  flew  kites.  Panapana  was  played  by  bending  the 


90          OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

midrib  of  a  coconut  leaf  into  a  bow  and  then  letting  it 
snap  as  far  as  possible.  Boys  often  turned  somersaults 
in  the  grass  or  on  the  sand.  They  could  tie  many 
kinds  of  knots,  and  played  a  game  called  hei  that  was 
like  cat's  cradle. 

REVIEW 

How  are  games  good  for  people  ?  What  different  things  could  the 
Hawaiians  do  in  the  water?  Can  you  do  all  those  things,  or  different 
ones?  Describe  the  surf  board.  Why  is  surfing  difficult?  How  were 
the  boards  stored  ?  Why  did  the  old-time  people  value  the  boards  and 
take  better  care  of  them  than  we  do  to-day  ? 


PAHEE 

'  ">4'~ ." 

How  do  you  slide  downhill?  What  kind  of  sled  did  the  Hawaiian 
have,  and  how  did  he  use  it?  Describe  the  game  of  puhenehene,  then 
study  the  picture  which  shows  children  playing  it  and  tell  what  they  are 
doing.  Play  the  game,  using  bundles  of  cloth  if  you  have  no  tapa,  with 
rulers  for  sticks.  The  one  who  hid  the  stone  always  made  many  ges- 
tures, and  passed  his  hand  back  and  forth  several  times  so  as  to  make  it 
harder  for  the  opponents  to  guess. 

What  was  the  game  of  pahee  ?  Describe  the  pahee  and  the  track,  and 
tell  how  the  game  was  played  in  two  ways.  What  was  the  ulu-maika  ? 
Describe  the  game  of  maika.  If  you  have  an  ulu-maika,  play  the  game, 
and  play  with  them. 


GAMES  91 

Compare  checkers  and  konane.  Describe  the  board  and  the  men 
used  in  the  game.  What  games  made  the  people  better  fighters  in 
time  of  war?  Name  all  the  games  that  children  of  long  ago  played 
that  are  played  by  children  of  to-day.  Describe  the  game  of  pana- 
pana ;  then  get  midribs  of  coconut  leaves  and  play  the  game. 


PART  III.   FAMOUS  HAWAIIANS 


UMI,  THE  MOUNTAIN  KING 


Long  ago,  in  the  fifteenth  century,  a  little  boy  named 
Umi  lived  in  a  village  of  East  Hamakua  on  Hawaii.  His 
mother  was  of  low  birth, 
and  he  was  brought  up 
like  the  other  boys  of  the 
village.  But  he  was  dif- 
ferent from  them,  for  he 
was  larger  and  stronger, 
and  he  became  the  leader 
in  all  the  games. 

When  he  was  sixteen 
years  old  his  mother  called 
him  to  her.  She  showed 
him  a  red  malo,  a  yellow 
feather  lei,  and  a  palaoa 
such  as  only  royalty  wore. 
"  I  have  a  secret  to  tell 
you,"  she  said.  "  Your 
father  is  the  alii  kapu,  or  highest  chief  of  Hawaii,  and 
his  name  is  Liloa.  He  left  these  signs  of  royalty  for 
you  to  have  when  you  grew  to  be  a  man.  Show  them 
to  him,  and  he  will  know  that  you  are  his  son." 

93 


PALAOA 


94         OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

Umi  decided  to  go  at  once  to  Waipio,  where  Liloa 
lived,  and  force  his  way  into  the  presence  of  the  alii. 
This  required  great  courage,  for  Umi  knew  that  if  Liloa 
did  not  recognize  him,  he  would  be  killed. 

It  was  a  long  walk  from  Hamakua  to  Waipio.  When 
he  arrived,  hot  and  tired,  he  decided  to  make  himself 
known  at  once.  He  climbed  over  the  fence,  and  entered 
the  palace  through  Liloa's  private  doorway,  in  defiance 
of  the  tabu  sticks  at  the  entrance.  The  retainers  rushed 
after  him  to  kill  him  for  his  daring,  but  he  ran  faster 
than  they.  Once  inside,  it  was  not  difficult  to  recognize 
the  alii)  and  Umi  rushed  forward  and  jumped  into  his 
lap.  Liloa  was  angry  until  he  noticed  the  malo  and  the 
sacred  palaoa  which  Umi  wore. 

"  What  is  your  name?  "  he  said.    "Are  you  Umi?  " 

:f  Yes,"  was  the  answer,  as  Liloa  held  him  close.  "  I 
am  Umi,  your  son." 

11  Where  is  your  mother  ?  " 

"It  was  she  who  sent  me  to  you." 

II 

Liloa  publicly  acknowledged  Umi  as  his  son.  The  lad 
lived  at  court  and  had  many  retainers  to  wait  upon  him. 
He  and  his  half  brother,  Hakau,  both  fond  of  games, 
were  leaders  of  the  young  chiefs  in  wrestling,  drawing 
the  bow,  and  in  hurling  the  pololu,  or  long  spear.  When 
Umi  led  one  party  and  Hakau  the  other,  the  side  which 
Umi  led  always  won.  That  made  Hakau  jealous  of  his 
brother. 


UMI,  THE  MOUNTAIN  KING  95 

When  Liloa  died  he  left  the  throne  to  Hakau  because 
he  was  the  oldest  son.  Umi  was  to  be  Hakau's  prime 
minister.  Upon  his  deathbed,  Liloa  said,  "  Thou,  Hakau, 
wilt  be  the  chief ;  and  thou,  Umi,  wilt  be  his  man." 

Hakau  was  a  cruel  alii,  and  treated  Umi  so  badly  that 
he  left  Waipio  and  lived  in  secret  with  people  who  did 
not  know  his  high  rank.  Hakau  grew  worse  and  worse, 
until  at  last  he  insulted  two  old  men  who  had  been 
advisers  of  his  father.  They  found  out  that  Umi  was  at 
Laupahoehoe,  so  they  complained  to  him  and  induced 
him  to  raise  an  army  and  march  against  Hakau.  The 
latter  was  killed,  and  the  people  welcomed  Umi  as  their 
deliverer  and  chief. 

Ill 

Let  us  see  how  much  power  a  chief  had.  He  was  like 
a  god  to  the  people,  who  got  down  upon  their  hands  and 
knees  when  he  appeared.  He  owned  all  the  land  and 
everything  upon  the  land.  His  power  was  as  great  as 
that  of  Pharaoh  in  the  days  of  old.  One  man  could  not 
look  after  all  the  people,  so  Hawaii  was  divided  into  six 
districts,  with  a  chief  at  the  head  of  each.  These  chiefs 
divided  the  lands  in  their  districts  among  chiefs  of  lower 
rank,  and  these  divided  among  the  common  people,  who 
did  all  the  hard  work. 

The  common  people  had  to  pay  taxes  in  presents  to 
the  chief.  Once  a  year  a  taxgatherer  was  sent  out  to 
collect  mats,  poi,  tapa,  hogs,  and  other  products.  He 
kept  a  record  of  the  wealth  of  the  land  and  of  the  taxes 


96          OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

that  each  man  paid,  by  making  loops  and  knots  of  dif- 
ferent kinds  upon  long  cords.  Strange  to  say,  he  was 
just  as  accurate  as  we  are  to-day  with  our  written  records. 
When  the  chief  wanted  laborers  to  build  a  canoe  or 
a  palace,  or  to  work  upon  his  taro  patch,  the  people  had 
to  leave  their  own  work  and  do  his  bidding  without  pay. 
Moreover,  offerings  had  to  be  made  to  the  priest  and  to 
the  many  gods.  When  all  this  had  been  done,  the  people 
could  have  what  was  left  for  themselves. 

IV 

When  Umi  came  to  the  throne  a  cruel  cousin  of  his 
ruled  on  the  western  coast.  Umi  defeated  him  in  a  bat- 
tle fought  on  the  highlands  between  Mauna  Loa  and 
Hualalai.  In  memory  of  this  battle  Umi  had  seven  pyra- 
mids and  a  heiau  built  upon  the  site  of  his  victory.  Six 
pyramids  represented  the  six  districts,  and  each  man 
brought  a  stone;  the  seventh  one  was  for  himself,  the 
heiau  being  in  the  center.  The  ruins  of  these  huge  build- 
ings can  be  seen  to-day ;  they  are  called  Ahua  a  Umi,  or 
the  "Heaps  of  Umi." 

Umi  made  his  headquarters  in  the  mountains,  and 
hence  was  called  the  Mountain  King. 

V 

Umi  changed  the  capital  from  Waipio  to  Kailua  in 
Kona,  where  part  of  his  time  was  spent.  He  married  the 
daughter  of  the  king  of  Maui,  who  sent  a  large  fleet  of 
war  canoes  to  escort  her  to  Hawaii. 


UMI,  THE  MOUNTAIN  KING  97 

After  her  father's  death  her  older  brother,  who  took  the 
throne,  was  cruel  to  the  younger  brother.  In  behalf  of 
the  younger  brother,  Umi  took  a  fleet  of  war  canoes  and 
landed  at  Hana.  He  captured  the  fort  of  Kauwiki,  on  the 
top  of  a  high  hill.  This  fort  has  been  the  scene  of  many 
battles  since  that  time,  but  only  the  bravest  chiefs  have 
been  able  to  take  it. 

Then  Umi  met  the  Maui  king  in  battle,  defeated  him, 
and  gave  the  throne  to  the  younger  brother,  who  is  re- 
membered to-day  because  of  the  paved  road  which  he 
built  around  East  Maui.  Remains  of  this  road  can  still 
be  seen. 

REVIEW 

When,  where,  and  how  did  Umi  spend  his  boyhood  ?  How  did  he 
learn  the  secret  of  his  birth  ?  How  did  he  make  himself  known  to  his 
real  father  ?  What  made  Liloa  recognize  him  ?  What  was  the  result  ? 
Why  did  Hakau  dislike  Umi  ?  Who  became  king  when  Liloa  died  ?  What 
position  did  Umi  have  ?  What  made  him  leave  the  court  ?  Why  did  he 
return  ?  Tell  how  he  became  king.  How  much  power  did  a  king  have  ? 
How  was  the  land  divided  ?  How  were  the  people  taxed  ?  What  was  the 
labor  tax  ?  Do  you  remember  where  we  have  mentioned  offerings  to  dif- 
ferent gods  or  to  the  priest  ?  How  did  Umi  gain  supreme  power  ?  What 
monuments  were  built  to  celebrate  this  victory?  Where  are  the  ruins  of 
the  pyramids  ?  Why  was  Umi  called  the  Mountain  King  ?  What  place 
became  the  capital  ?  Who  was  Umi's  wife  ?  How  did  he  help  her  younger 
brother  ?  How  did  the  latter  benefit  the  people  of  Maui  ? 


KAMEHAMEHA  THE    GREAT,  WHO    UNITED 
THE   ISLANDS 

I 

Kamehameha  I  was  born  one  stormy  night  in  Novem- 
ber, 1736,  at  Halawa,  Kohala.  People  listened  to  the 
thunder  with  awe,  and  said  that  the  gods  were  trying 
to  tell  them  that  they  had  sent  a  great  warrior  chief  into 
the  world. 

We  know  little  about  his  boyhood.  One  story  tells  us 
that  when  he  was  a  wee  baby  he  was  stolen  from  his 
mother's  side  in  the  night  and  carried  away  by  a  chief 
named  Naeole.  Although  this  chief  kept  him  in  secret, 
the  king  of  Hawaii,  Alapai,  found  out  where  he  was  about 
five  years  later,  and  ordered  the  child  to  be  brought  to 
him.  Nevertheless,  Naeole,  according  to  the  tradition, 
brought  another  child  and  kept  Kamehameha. 

Part,  at  least,  of  Kamehameha's  boyhood  was  spent  at 
his  home  in  Halawa,  Kohala.  There  he  and  his  com- 
panions played  many  games.  He  grew  to  be  strong  and 
fearless,  and  led  the  others  in  wrestling  and  in  hurling 
the  spear,  also  in  surf  riding  and  coasting. 

He  was  not  ashamed  of  work.  He  had  a  field  called 
Kamehameha,  and  in  it  he  planted  taro  and  sweet  pota- 
toes. His  friends  followed  his  lead,  and  each  one  had 

a  field  named  for  himself. 

98 


KAMEHAMEHA  THE  GREAT  99 

He  delighted  in  overcoming  obstacles.  At  Halawa  a 
steep  precipice  about  one  hundred  feet  high  made  it  im- 
possible for  people  to  draw  up  their  canoes.  So  he  and 
his  companions  cut  a  road  to  the  sea  through  the  hard 
rock  with  no  tool  better  than  the  stone  adz.  Another 
time  they  dug  for  water.  They  were  through  several 
layers  of  hard  rock  before  they  would  give  up,  and  then 
only  because  it  was  impossible  to  succeed. 

A  grove  of  noni  trees  was  planted  by  Kamehameha 
"  before  his  beard  had  grown."  The  fruit  and  leaves  are 
valuable  as  medicine,  and  the  sap  makes  a  yellow  dye 
used  for  coloring  tapa. 

Near  his  home  was  a  heiau  where  he  worshiped  the 
terrible  war  god  Kukailimoku.  He  was  careful  to  keep 
the  tabus  and  to  favor  the  gods. 

His  father,  Keoua,  was  half  brother  to  the  king,  Kala- 
niopuu,  who  became  ruler  when  Alapai  died.  This  king 
asked  his  young  nephew  to  help  him  in  his  many  fierce 
wars.  Kalaniopuu  had  to  fight  against  powerful  chiefs 
on  Hawaii  to  get  his  kingdom.  He  fought  with  the 
kings  of  Maui  for  possession  of  the  fort  of  Kauwiki, 
which  he  held  for  twenty  years.  At  last  Kahekili,  the 
king  of  Maui,  kept  the  soldiers  from  getting  water  until 
they  had  to  surrender. 

II 

Let  us  leave  Kamehameha  I  and  go  back  to  the  time 
when  Umi's  son  was  ruling.  It  was  then  that  a  strange 
ship  was  wrecked  off  the  rocky  coast  of  Keei  in  South 


100        OLD-TIME  HAWAII ANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

Kona,  Hawaii.  The  captain  and  his  sister  were  the  only 
ones  who  were  saved.  In  thankfulness  they  knelt  upon 
the  beach,  and  stayed  so  long  in  that  position  that  the 
people  named  the  spot  Kulou,  which  means  "  kneeling." 

The  natives  received  them  very  kindly,  and  they  spent 
the  rest  of  their  lives  as  Hawaiians.  At  that  time  —  the 
sixteenth  century  —  many  Spanish  ships  were  sailing 
the  Pacific.  We  believe  that  this  ship  was  one  of  those 
which  were  lost  in  severe  storms  and  never  heard  from. 

In  1555,  not  many  years  later,  another  Spanish  ship 
stopped  at  the  islands  on  its  way  from  Mexico  to  the 
Philippines.  Juan  Gaetano,  the  captain,  located  them 
upon  his  chart,  but  he  kept  his  discovery  a  secret. 

Now  let  us  return  to  our  story  of  Kamehameha  I.  It 
was  in  1778,  while  he  was  with  his  uncle,  that  the  islands 
were  discovered  by  James  Cook,  an  English  naval  cap- 
tain, on  his  way  north  from  the  South  Seas.  This  dis- 
covery was  most  important,  because  he  made  the  islands 
known  to  the  rest  of  the  world. 

He  saw  Oahu  first,  then  sailed  on  and  landed  at  Kauai 
and  also  at  Niihau.  The  natives  were  filled  with  wonder 
at  sight  of  the  strange  ships,  and  one  of  them  exclaimed, 
"  It  is  a  forest  that  has  moved  out  into  the  sea." 

The  two  ships  stayed  only  long  enough  to  trade  nails 
and  pieces  of  iron  for  food  and  water,  and  then  sailed 
on  to  the  north.  Messengers  were  sent  to  the  other 
islands  to  tell  of  the  strange  visitors.  Kalaniopuu  was  on 
Maui  fighting  against  Kahekili  when  the  news  reached 
him.  One  of  the  messengers  said :  "  The  men  are  white ; 


KAMEHAMEHA  THE  GREAT  ioi 

their  skins  are  loose  and  folding ;  their  heads  are  strangely 
shaped ;  they  are  gods,  volcanoes,  for  fire  and  smoke  issue 
from  their  mouths ;  they  have  doots  in  the  sides  of  their 
bodies ;  into  these  openings  they  thrust  their  hands  and 
take  out  iron,  beads,  nails,  and  other  treasures;  and  we 
cannot  understand  their  strange  speech." 

The  ships  came  in  the  following  year  to  spend  the 
winter  in  the  sunny  isles,  anchoring  on  the  west  coast 
of  Maui.  Kalaniopuu  was  still  there,  and  Kamehameha 
was  with  him.  Several  of  the  chiefs  boarded  the  ships, 
and  Kamehameha  the  fearless  accepted  an  invitation  to 
stay  all  night. 

The  ships  then  went  on  to  Hawaii  and  anchored  at  Kea- 
lakeakua  Bay.  The  natives  believed  that  Captain  Cook 
was  their  god  Lono,  who  had  left  the  islands  many  years 
before  and  had  promised  to  return.  Captain  Cook  allowed 
them  to  worship  him  and  received  rich  presents,  giving 
little  in  return. 

Kalaniopuu  shortened  his  stay  upon  Maui.  Upon  his 
arrival  at  Kealakeakua  he  visited  the  ships  formally.  His 
party  were  in  three  large  double  canoes.  First  came  the 
one  with  the  king  and  his  chiefs  dressed  in  bright  red  and 
yellow  feather  cloaks  and  helmets,  and  carrying  spears.  In 
the  second  canoe  was  the  high  priest,  guarding  the  brilliant 
war  god,  and  the  other  priests  carrying  more  idols.  The 
last  canoe  was  filled  with  pigs,  coconuts,  and  breadfruit. 

The  fleet  paddled  around  the  ships  while  the  priests 
chanted  prayers  and  hymns.  Captain  Cook  received  them 
on  shore.  The  king  presented  the  captain  with  several 


102        OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 


beautiful  feather  capes,  a  helmet,  and  the  food  that  was  in 
one  canoe ;  in  return  he  received  from  the  captain  a  linen 

shirt  and  a  cutlass. 
Captain  Cook 
remained  almost  a 
month,  and  at  the 
last  the  Hawaiians 
found  it  hard  to 
supply  their  visitors 
with  all  that  they 
expected.  Unfortu- 
nately, after  they 
sailed  away  it  was 
found  necessary  to 
return  for  repairs. 
This  time  they  were 
not  welcome.  In  a 
quarrel  which  arose 
over  a  boat  which 
was  stolen  by  one  of 
the  natives,  Captain 
Cook  was  killed, 
stabbed  in  the  back 
with  an  iron  dagger.  Kamehameha  was  present  at  the  time. 
Captain  Cook  had  made  many  daring  voyages  for 
England.  About  fifty  years  after  his  death  the  English 
government  sent  money  for  the  erection  of  a  monument 
to  his  memory.  It  stands  at  Kealakeakua  Bay,  as  near  as 
possible  to  the  spot  where  he  fell 


CAPTAIN  COOK'S  MONUMENT 


KAMEHAMEHA  THE  GREAT  103 

III 

Because  of  Cook's  sudden  death  it  was  more  than  seven 
years  before  any  other  ships  visited  the  islands.  His  dis- 
coveries, however,  showed  the  people  of  England  and 
France  that  they  could  make  money  by  getting  furs  from 
the  Indians  along  the  west  coast  of  America  and  selling 
them  in  Canton,  China.  English  ships  were  the  first  to 
stop  at  the  islands  on  the  way  across  the  ocean.  They 
found  it  a  convenient  place  to  get  fresh  water  and  pro- 
visions. Soon  many  ships  came,  especially  in  the  winter, 
on  their  way  to  China. 

These  visitors  taught  the  people  many  new  things. 
Sometimes  they  took  Hawaiian  boys  as  sailors  to  strange 
lands.  Many  of  the  sailors  were  rough  men  who  sold 
firearms  and  strong  drink,  while  others  brought  plants 
and  animals  and  helped  the  natives  to  learn  better  ways 
of  living. 

Captain  George  Vancouver  had  been  with  Captain 
Cook ;  fourteen  years  later  he  came  again,  and  in  two 
years  made  three  visits.  We  have  not  gone  quite  so  far  as 
this  in  our  story  of  Kamehameha,  but  let  us  glance  ahead 
while  we  are  telling  about  foreign  ships.  When  Captain 
Vancouver  came  he  sailed  along  the  Kona  coast.  Ka- 
mehameha had  defeated  his  enemies  on  Hawaii  and  was 
on  the  other  side  of  the  island.  The  English  captain 
visited  several  islands.  On  Hawaii  he  was  received  by 
Kaiana  and  Keeaumoku,  chiefs  under  Kamehameha, 
and  gave  them  presents  of  orange  trees,  grapevines,  and 


104        OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

other  useful  plants  and  trees.  On  Kauai,  the  young  chief 
Kaumualii  visited  his  ship. 

The  second  time  that  Vancouver  came  he  brought  some 
cows  and  sheep  from  California.  He  gave  Kamehameha 
a  bull  and  a  cow,  strange  animals  to  the  Hawaiians. 

Vancouver  anchored  at  Kealakeakua  Bay  and  was 
kindly  received  by  Kamehameha,  who  saw  from  the  first 
that  much  could  be  learned  from  foreigners.  Vancouver 
liked  the  king,  whom  he  remembered  from  his  visit  with 
Cook.  He  had  thought  at  that  time  that  Kamehameha 
had  a  savage  expression;  but  he  had  changed,  and  his 
face  showed  that  he  was  cheerful,  generous,  and  good. 

Kamehameha  visited  the  ship  formally.  With  eleven 
double  canoes  under  his  command,  he  stood  in  the  bow 
of  the  largest  and  foremost  one,  where  he  could  be  seen 
by  all.  He  wore  the  same  linen  shirt  that  Captain  Cook 
had  given  to  Kalaniopuu  so  many  years  before,  but  over 
it  was  the  long  feather  cape  made  of  choice  mamo  feathers 
which  is  now  in  the  Bishop  Museum.  His  height  and 
dignity  were  increased  by  the  gorgeous  helmet  which 
he  wore. 

He  fixed  his  eyes  upon  the  paddlers,  who  kept  perfect 
time  as  they  circled  the  ship ;  then,  at  a  command  from 
him,  all  but  the  largest  canoe  drew  up  in  line  at  the  stern 
of  the  ship  and  remained  motionless.  At  another  com- 
mand the  thirty-six  paddlers  in  his  own  canoe  rowed 
rapidly  until  they  were  exactly  opposite  the  gangway,  and 
then  stopped  suddenly  just  in  time  for  the  chief  to  step 
to  the  ship  where  Vancouver  waited  to  greet  nim. 


KAMEHAMEHA  THE  GREAT  105 

On  Vancouver's  last  visit  he  brought  more  cattle  and 
sheep,  and  had  Kamehameha  put  a  tabu  upon  them  to 
last  for  ten  years.  He  would  not  sell  firearms,  and  tried 
to  stop  the  cruel  wars,  but  in  vain.  His  carpenters  built 
for  Kamehameha  the  first  vessel  constructed  on  the 
islands,  the  Britannia,  which  was  only  thirty-six  feet 
long,  but  was  of  great  value  to  Kamehameha  when  he 
set  out  to  conquer  all  the  islands.  Vancouver  promised 
to  come  again  and  bring  missionaries  to  teach  about  the 
one  true  God,  and  workmen  to  teach  the  different  trades. 
The  chiefs  on  Hawaii  had  a  council  at  which  they  put 
their  country  under  the  protection  of  the  king  of  Eng- 
land. Vancouver's  plans  to  return  were  never  carried 
out,  but  Kamehameha  did  not  forget  them.  Years  later, 
when  he  was  king  of  all  the  islands,  he  sent  a  present  of 
a  feather  cape  to  King  George  III,  and  dictated  a  letter 
reminding  the  king  that  Vancouver  had  promised  to 
send  a  man-of-war  armed  with  brass  guns  and  filled  with 
foreign  goods. 

IV 

Let  us  see  what  happened  to  Kamehameha  after  the 
death  of  Kalaniopuu,  who  had  left  his  throne  to  his  son 
Kiwalao.  Kamehameha  received  second  place  and  was 
to  have  charge  of  the  war  god.  He  had  lands  on  the 
western  side  of  the  island. 

Kiwalao  was  a  weak  king  and  soon  became  jealous  of 
his  powerful  cousin,  so  Kamehameha  left  the  court  and 
lived  quietly  at  his  old  home  in  Kohala.  It  was  not  long 


106       OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

before  Kiwalao's  uncle  and  brother  convinced  him  that 
the  division  of  the  land  was  not  fair,  because  Kamehameha 
had  the  Kona  side,  where  the  fishing  was  best.  •  They 
joined  against  Kamehameha.  One  of  the  latter's  friends 
warned  him,  and  he  raised  an  army  to  meet  theirs. 
Kiwalao  was  killed  in  the  battle  of  Mokuohai. 

It  was  nine  years  before  Kamehameha  got  control  of 
the  whole  island.  He  fought  many  wars  against  powerful 
chiefs,  but  at  last  he  became  high  chief  of  all  the  island. 
He  also  fought  long  and  bitterly  against  Kahekili,  the 
Maui  chief  of  whom  we  have  already  heard,  but  he  could 
not  get  Maui,  and  Kahekili  could  not  get  Hawaii.  It  was 
then  that  Vancouver  came  and  tried  in  vain  to  make 
these  two  kings  friends. 

V 

Kamehameha  was  not  satisfied  with  one  island.  Many 
hundreds  of  years  before,  there  had  been  a  chief  of  Hawaii 
named  Kalaunuiohua.  He  planned  to  conquer  all  the 
islands,  and  his  large  fleet  of  war  canoes  took  Maui, 
Molokai,  and  Oahu ;  but  at  Kauai  he  was  badly  beaten, 
and  his  plans  to  found  a  united  kingdom  fell  to  pieces. 
Now  Kamehameha  waited  until  the  death  of  Kahekili 
before  he  raised  a  fleet  for  the  same  purpose. 

His  war  canoes  stretched  four  miles  along  the  shore, 
and  in  his  army  were  sixteen  thousand  men.  He  had 
the  aid  of  foreign  cannon  and  firearms,  and  sixteen 
foreigners  to  handle  them.  It  was  the  largest  army  that 
had  ever  been  raised  in  the  islands. 


KAMEHAMEHA  THE  GREAT  107 

They  conquered  Maui  and  Molokai  without  difficulty, 
but  on  Oahu  a  terrible  battle  was  fought  in  Nuuanu  Val- 
ley. We  shall  hear  more  of  that  battle  later,  but  now  it 
is  enough  to  know  that  Kamehameha  routed  the  enemy. 

The  fleet,  which  now  started  for  Kauai,  was  driven  back 
by  a  storm.  Another  large  fleet  was  raised,  but  this  time 
a  sickness  broke  out  among  the  warriors  and  they  could 
not  go.  Kaumualii,  the  Kauai  king,  planned  to  defend 
his  island ;  later,  however,  he  decided  to  offer  it  to  Kame- 
hameha. The  latter  said,  "  Keep  it  until  my  son  becomes 
ruler,  and  then  it  shall  belong  to  him." 

One  chief  on  Hawaii  rebelled,  and  Kamehameha  I 
returned  to  that  island  and  defeated  him.  Kamehameha 
had  a  way  of  making  friends  of  his  enemies.  He  gave  the 
people  peace  and  tried  to  have  the  country  prosperous 
again,  but  of  course  the  best  land  went  to  the  chiefs 
who  had  been  faithful  to  him. 

VI 

In  many  ways  the  government  was  much  like  that 
in  the  time  of  Umi,  for  Kamehameha  owned  all  the  land 
and  had  the  powers  of  a  feudal  lord.  He  gave  the  high- 
est offices  to  people  whom  he  could  trust.  Chiefs  who 
might  become  discontented  were  kept  near  him  where 
he  could  watch  them.  He  also  had  spies  in  different 
parts  of  his  kingdom. 

We  shall  learn  more  later  about  the  four  Kona  chiefs 
who  had  always  been  his  best  friends.  He  kept  these  for 
his  chief  advisers.  His  prime  minister  was  Kalanimoku 


IOS        OLD-TIME  HAWAII ANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

a  chief  who  had  once  fought  against  him.  Kalanimoku 
was  chosen  because  of  his  ability,  although  he  was  a 
chief  of  low  rank.  Foreigners  called  him  William  Pitt, 
and  he  liked  the  name. 

Priests  collected  the  taxes  and  saw  that  the  laws  were 
obeyed.  The  tabus  were  seldom  broken,  because  fear  of 
punishment  had  so  strong  a  hold  upon  the  people. 

There  had  never  before  been  such  good  laws  against 
theft,  murder,  and  other  crimes.  The  saying  was  that  old 
men  and  children  could  sleep  in  the  highways  without  fear. 

Kamehameha  was  always  fair  to  foreigners ;  he  encour- 
aged them  to  stay  in  his  country  and  to  teach  his  people 
new  things. 

VII 

Kamehameha  granted  lands  free  from  rent  to  foreigners 
if  they  would  stay  and  cultivate  them  and  bring  in  new 
plants  and  seeds.  A  Spaniard  named  Marin  had  a  piece 
of  land  on  which  he  raised  many  things.  He  had  oranges, 
roses,  pineapples,  and  vegetables.  He  brought  the  first 
mangoes,  beans,  figs,  grapes,  and  avocado  pears. 

The  common  natives  worked  small  farms  subject  to 
the  chiefs,  and  raised  taro,  yams,  and  sweet  potatoes,  as 
they  had  done  for  many  years.  They  began  also  to  raise 
Indian  corn  and  vegetables.  Kamehameha  himself  was 
sometimes  seen  at  work  in  the  field. 

Long  ago  the  only  useful  animals  were  pigs  and  dogs. 
Foreigners  had  brought  in  cattle,  sheep,  and  goats,  and 
Kamehameha  had  wisely  put  a  tabu  upon  the  cattle  and 


KAMEHAMEHA  THE  GREAT  109 

sheep  for  a  term  of  years.  Before  his  death  they  had 
become  numerous  and  supplied  the  people  with  mutton, 
beef,  and  milk. 

An  American  captain  brought  the  first  horses,  and  the 
people  soon  became  expert  riders.  Kamehameha  was  fond 
of  riding  and  kept  five  horses  for  his  own  use. 

Foreigners  taught  the  different  trades.  The  king  had 
carpenters,  masons,  blacksmiths,  bricklayers,  and  tailors 
in  his  service,  most  of  whom  had  been  American  sailors. 
Some  of  these  were  hard  workers,  but  many  of  them 
were  lawless  men  who  distilled  liquor  and  did  harm  to 
the  people. 

Kamehameha  saw  the  advantage  of  trading,  and  soon 
learned  the  values  of  money,  weights,  and  measures,  so 
that  foreigners  could  not  cheat  him.  He  encouraged  ships 
to  stop  at  the  island.  At  first  they  came  for  supplies ;  then 
they  carried  sandalwood  from  the  forests  and  sold  it  in 
Canton.  Pearls  and  mother-of-pearl  were  also  exported. 
Kamehameha  bought  great  quantities  of  foreign  goods, 
which  he  stored  in  the  two  large  stone  houses  near  his 
home. 

Honolulu,  in  1809,  was  a  village  of  about  a  hundred 
grass  houses.  The  only  shade  trees  were  the  hau  and  the 
coconut  palm.  At  Lahaina  the  king  had  a  stone  house 
built  by  foreigners,  but  in  Honolulu  he  lived  in  a  series 
of  grass  houses,  which  he -liked  better.  His  home  was 
on  the  seashore,  separated  from  the  public  by  a  high 
fence  mounted  with  sixteen  guns. 

Shortly  before  the  close  of  Kamehameha  I's  reign  a  fort 


1 10        OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

was  built  at  Honolulu  at  the  foot  of  Fort  Street.  Russians 
had  started  to  build  a  fort  on  Kauai,  and  Kamehameha, 
thinking  that  they  had  plans  to  take  the  islands,  drove 
them  away.  John  Young  was  an  English  seaman  from 
an  American  vessel,  who  had  been  detained  on  the  islands, 
and  who  had  always  been  a  great  help  to  the  king.  He 


THE  HAWAIIAN  FLAG 


now  advised  the  prime  minister,  Kalanimoku,  to  have  a 
fort  at  Honolulu  so  as  to  protect  the  islands. 

The  walls  of  the  fort  were  twenty-five  feet  thick  and 
twelve  feet  high.  The  cannon  which  surmounted  them 
were  of  different  sizes,  as  they  had  been  bought  from 
different  ships.  In  the  grass  houses  within  the  fort 
the  business  of  the  government  was  carried  on.  From 
the  flagstaff  waved  the  Hawaiian  flag.  At  first,  this 


KAMEHAMEHA  THE  GREAT  i  1 1 

resembled  the  British  flag;  but  during  the  War  of  1812 
Kamehameha  was  told  that  Americans  would  think  that 
he  sided  with  England,  so  he  changed  the  flag.  The  pic- 
ture shows  how  it  resembles  both  the  English  and  the 
American  flags.  The  eight  red,  white,  and  blue  stripes 
represent  the  eight  largest  islands. 

VIII 

One  of  the  king's  weavers  was  an  English  sailor  named 
Campbell,  who  tells  about  Kamehameha's  way  of  living 
as  follows : 

!t  The  king's  mode  of  life  was  very  simple ;  he  break- 
fasted at  eight,  dined  at  noon,  and  supped  at  sunset. 

"  His  principal  chiefs  being  always  about  his  person, 
there  were  generally  twenty  or  thirty  persons  present; 
after  being  seated  upon  mats  spread  upon  the  floor,  at 
dinner  a  dish  of  poi  or  taro  pudding  was  set  before  each 
of  them,  which  they  ate  with  their  fingers.  This,  fare, 
with  salt  fish  and  consecrated  pork  from  the  heiau,  formed 
the  whole  of  the  repast,  no  other  food  being  permitted  in 
the  king's  house.  A  plate,  knife,  and  fork,  with  boiled 
potatoes,  were,  however,  always  set  down  before  Moxley 
(the  interpreter)  and  me,  by  his  Majesty's  orders.  The 
breakfast  and  supper  consisted  of  fish  and  sweet  potatoes. 

:'  The  respect  paid  to  the  king's  person,  to  his  house, 
and  even  to  his  food,  formed  a  remarkable  contrast 
to  the  simplicity  of  his  mode  of  living.  Whenever  he 
passed,  his  subjects  were  obliged  to  uncover  their  heads 
and  shoulders. 


112        OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 


"  When  his  food  was  carried  from  the  cooking  house, 
every  person  within  the  hearing  of  the  call  Nolw  ("sit 
down"),  given  by  the  bearers,  was  obliged  to  uncover 
himself  and  squat  down." 

IX 

Kamehameha  had  several  residences,  but  the  last  seven 
years  of  his  life  were  spent  at  Kailua  on  Hawaii.  He 

died  in  1819,  when 
he  was  eighty-two 
years  of  age.  People 
showed  their  grief 
in  the  old  way, — 
by  being  lawless,  by 
knocking  out  their 
front  teeth,  and  by 
wailing  loudly.  His 
bones  were  secretly 
hidden. 

Kamehameha  I 
stands  out  as  the 
greatest  character 
in  Hawaiian  his- 
tory. He  did  not 
break  away  from 
the  old  customs, 
but  little  by  little 
he  changed  the  manner  of  living  and  prepared  the  coun- 
try for  civilization  and  Christianity.  He  was  ahead  of 


STATUE  OF  KAMEHAMEHA  I,  HONOLULU 


KAMEHAMEHA  THE  GREAT  113 

his  times,  and  may  be  said  to  connect  the  old  and  the 
new  order  of  things. 

During  the  reign  of  Kalakaua,  one  hundred  years  after 
Cook's  discovery,  the  government  decided  to  put  aside  ten 
thousand  dollars  for  a  bronze  statue  of  Kamehameha.  A 
portrait  of  the  king  taken  by  a  Russian  artist,  with  pic- 
tures of  fine-looking  Hawaiians,  was  sent  to  an  American 
sculptor  in  Italy,  who  executed  the  work.  On  the  voyage  to 
Honolulu  the  ship  containing  the  statue  was  wrecked  near 
the  Falkland  Islands,  so  a  duplicate  was  made.  It  stands 
in  front  of  the  Judiciary  Building  in  Honolulu.  Years  later 
the  sunken  statue  was  raised,  and  this  is  now  standing  in 
the  courtyard  in  Kohala.  At  the  base  are  four  pictures  in 
bas-relief.  They  represent  canoes  greeting  Captain  Cook 
at  Kealakeakua  Bay ;  six  men  hurling  spears  at  Kameha- 
meha; a  fleet  of  war  canoes  built  for  the  invasion  of 
Kauai ;  and  old  men  and  children  safe  on  the  roadsides. 

REVIEW 

When  and  where  was  Kamehameha  I  born  ?  What  happened  to  the 
child  ?  Where  was  part  of  his  boyhood  spent  ?  What  games  did  he 
excel  in  ?  Tell  about  his  farming.  Where  did  he  and  his  companions 
build  a  road  ?  What  trees  did  he  plant  ?  How  was  he  true  to  the  gods  ? 
What  uncle  did  he  fight  for  when  he  became  a  young  man?  Who  got 
the  fort  of  Kauwiki,  and  how  ? 

Tell  about  the  shipwreck  in  South  Kona.  Who  do  you  believe  that 
the  strangers  were?  Why?  What  Spaniard  discovered  the  islands,  and 
when  ?  What  Englishman  discovered  the  islands  later  ?  When  ?  Why  is 
his  discovery  the  important  one  ?  Describe  the  first  landing.  What 
message  was  sent  to  the  other  islands  about  the  strangers  ?  Who  received 


114       OLD-TIME  HAWAII ANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

them  on  Maui  when  they  returned  the  next  year  ?  Where  did  the  ships 
anchor  ?  How  were  they  received,  and  why  ?  Describe  the  formal  visit 
which  Kalaniopuu  made  to  Captain  Cook.  What  presents  were  exchanged  ? 
Why  was  it  unfortunate  that  the  ships  had  to  return  ?  What  happened  to 
Captain  Cook  ?  What  monument  was  erected  to  his  memory  ? 

What  idea  of  the  character  of  the  natives  did  the  world  have  when  the 
news  came  of  Cook's  death?  How  long  before  other  ships  visited  the 
islands  ?  Why  was  it  so  long  ?  Tell  some  of  the  things  which  the  natives 
learned  from  foreigners.  Who  was  Vancouver,  and  when  did  he  come  ? 
How  many  visits  did  he  make  ?  Who  was  king  of  Hawaii  when  he 
came  ?  What  chiefs  received  him  on  his  first  visit  ?  What  presents  did 
he  give  them  ?  What  did  he  bring  in  the  following  year  from  California  ? 
What  change  did  he  notice  in  Kamehameha  since  the  time  that  he  came 
with  Cook  ?  Describe  Kamehameha's  visit  to  Vancouver's  ship.  What 
did  Vancouver  bring  on  his  third  visit  ?  How  did  he  help  the  natives  ? 
What  ship  did  his  carpenters  build  ?  What  promises  did  he  make  ?  Tell 
how  Hawaii  was  put  under  the  protection  of  England.  Did  Vancouver 
ever  return  ?  What  promise  did  Kamehameha  always  remember  ? 

What  was  the  will  of  Kalaniopuu  ?  Why  was  Kiwalao  jealous  of 
Kamehameha  ?  How  did  the  war  begin  ?  What  was  the  result  of  the 
battle  of  Mokuohai  ?  How  many  years  did  Kamehameha  fight  before 
he  got  control  of  Hawaii  ?  What  chief  on  Maui  was  his  bitter  enemy  ? 

What  chief,  years  before,  had  tried  to  unite  the  islands  under  his  rule  ? 
How  had  he  succeeded  ?  Whose  death  took  place  before  Kamehameha 
felt  ready  to  start  out  with  a  similar  plan  ?  Describe  the  fleet  that  he 
raised.  Tell  what  two  islands  were  easily  taken.  What  battle  took  place 
on  Oahu  ?  Tell  of  two  occasions  when  plans  to  take  Kauai  were  not 
carried  out.  What  act  of  the  king  of  Kauai  prevented  another  attempt 
to  invade  the  island  ?  What  rebellion  did  Kamehameha  put  down  ?  How 
did  he  make  friends  of  the  conquered  people  ?  How  did  he  reward  his 
friends  ? 

What  power  did  the  king  have  ?  How  did  he  distribute  offices  ?  How 
did  he  keep  his  power  secure?  Who  were  his  highest  officers?  Why 
was  Kalanimoku  chosen  ?  Who  collected  taxes  and  saw  that  the  tabus 


KAMEHAMEHA  THE  GREAT  115 

were  not  broken  ?  How  were  the  times  more  peaceful  than  they  had 
formerly  been  ?  How  did  the  king  treat  foreigners  ?  How  did  he  encour- 
age them  to  introduce  plants  and  settle  in  the  islands  ?  Name  some  of 
the  things  which  the  Spaniard  Marin  raised.  What  five  things  did  he  in- 
troduce ?  What  did  the  natives  raise  ?  What  useful  animals  were  in  the 
islands  long  ago  ?  What  new  ones  were  introduced  ?  Why  did  their  num- 
ber increase  so  rapidly  ?  Tell  about  the  introduction  of  horses.  What 
skilled  workmen  did  the  king  have  in  his  service  ?  What  was  their  char- 
acter ?  What  lessons  in  trading  did  Kamehameha  soon  learn  ?  Why  did 
he  encourage  commerce  ?  Tell  of  the  trade  in  sandalwood.  What  else  was 
exported  ?  Describe  Honolulu  as  it  was  about  one  hundred  years  ago. 
What  was  the  royal  palace  like  ?  Tell  about  the  fort  started  on  Kauai. 
Why  did  that  inspire  the  natives  to  build  a  fort  at  Honolulu  ?  Who 
advised  Kalanimoku  to  have  it  built  ?  Describe  the  fort.  Tell  the  history 
of  the  Hawaiian  flag. 

Tell  in  your  own  words  what  Mr.  Campbell  wrote  about  the  way 
the  king  lived. 

Where  did  Kamehameha  spend  his  last  days  ?  When  did  he  die  ?  How 
did  the  people  show  their  grief  ?  Why  was  Kamehameha  I  the  greatest  of 
Hawaiians  ?  Describe  the  statue  of  Kamehameha.  Tell  why  there  are 
two  statues.  When  and  where  was  the  statue  made  ?  Describe  the  four 
pictures  at  its  base.  If  possible,  see  the  statue  before  describing  it. 


POWERFUL  ENEMIES  OF  KAMEHAMEHA  I 
Keoua  on  Hawaii 

Keoua,  a  half  brother  of  Kiwalao,  was  of  higher  rank 
than  Kamehameha,  He  and  his  uncle,  Keawe-mauhili, 
were  the  chiefs  who  had  made  Kiwalao  anxious  to  take 
the  best  fishing  grounds  from  Kamehameha.  Keoua  was 
the  one  who  started  the  war  by  destroying  property. 

After  King  Kiwalao  was  killed  in  the  battle  of  Mokuo- 
hai,  Keoua  fled  to  Kau,  and  his  uncle  fled  to  Hilo  and 
Puna.  There  were  then  three  powerful  chiefs,  each  anx- 
ious to  get  all  the  power. 

At  that  time  Kamehameha  was  called  to  Maui.  While 
there  he  received  news  that  his  cousin  and  uncle  had 
quarreled,  and  that  the  uncle,  Keawe-mauhili,  had  been 
killed  in  battle.  Keoua,  it  was  said,  was  planning  to  take 
Kamehameha's  land,  so  the  latter  hurried  home. 

Keoua  was  too  powerful  for  Kamehameha  to  defeat. 
Something  happened,  however,  which  made  Kamehameha 
believe  that  the  war  god  and  the  volcano  goddess  were 
both  on  his  side.  Keoua's  army,  in  marching  from  Hilo 
to  Kau,  had  to  pass  the  mighty  volcano  of  Kilauea.  Here 
was  the  abode  of  the  dread  fire  goddess  Pele.  As  they 
marched  by,  the  army  threw  stones  into  the  crater.  The 
next  day  the  earth  began  to  shake,  and  flames,  ashes,  and 
stones  were  hurled  into  the  air.  The  noise  was  much 

116 


POWERFUL  ENEMIES  OF  KAMEHAMEHA  I         117 

louder  and  more  terrible  than  thunder.  The  army  was  in 
three  divisions.  The  front  ranks  reeled  to  and  fro  as  the 
earth  shook,  but  no  harm  came  to  them.  When  the  last 
division  hurried  on  they  came  across  the  middle  division, 
who  had  not  been  able  to  escape.  They  had  all  been  suf- 
focated by  the  poisonous  gases. 

Keoua  lost  heart  after  that  awful  event.  Kamehameha 
rejoiced  that  the  war  god  favored  him,  and  built  a  heiau 
in  honor  of  this  god  at  Kawaihae. 

Soon  after  this,  Kamehameha  sent  for  Keoua  to  come 
and  make  peace.  They  had  been  enemies  for  nine  years. 
Keoua  arrived  in  a  large  double  canoe,  but  just  as  he  was 
about  to  land,  he  was  stabbed  to  death  by  Keeaumoku, 
one  of  Kamehameha's  chiefs.  Some  of  his  followers  were 
also  killed,  and  the  bodies  were  offered  in  sacrifice  to 
the  war  god  in  the  new  heiau.  We  wish  that  he  had  been 
defeated  in  a  different  way,  and  that  this  stain  could  be 
removed  from  the  character  of  the  great  Kamehameha. 

Kahekili,  the  "  Thunder  of  Maui  " 

Kahekili  is  not  a  stranger  to  us.  You  remember  how 
he  drove  Kalaniopuu  from  Kauwiki  Fort,  and  how  Kame- 
hameha did  not  conquer  all  the  islands  until  this  chief 
had  died. 

Kahekili  was  stern,  sly,  and  cruel.  He  had  one  half  of 
his  body  tattooed  almost  black  so  as  to  make  people  fear 
him.  At  first  he  was  king  of  Maui  and  the  small  islands 
near  by.  He  wanted  to  take  Oahu  from  the  weak  king, 


Il8        OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

Kahahana,  who  had  married  Kahekili's  half  sister.  Now 
Kahahana  had  a  priest  whom  Kahekili  feared.  It  was 
easy  to  poison  the  mind  of  the  weak  king  by  telling 
him  that  the  priest,  Kaopulupulu,  was  a  traitor  and  had 
secretly  offered  the  island  of  Oahu  to  Kahekili.  Without 
question,  Kahahana,  in  his  anger,  had  the  priest  killed. 
The  crafty  Kahekili  at  once  sailed  to  Oahu  and  defeated 
the  young  chief,  who  fled  for  his  life.  Later  on  he  was 
captured  and  offered  in  sacrifice  to  the  cruel  war  god. 

While  Kahekili  was  on  Oahu  he  heard  that  Kame- 
hameha  had  defeated  his  son  Kalanikupule  on  Maui,  so 
he  hurried  home  only  to  find  that  Kamehameha  had  re- 
turned to  Hawaii.  That  was  the  time  when  Keoua  had 
threatened  to  take  Kamehameha's  lands. 

Then  Kahekili  and  his  brother  Kaeo,  king  of  Kauai, 
sailed  to  Hawaii  to  attack  Kamehameha.  They  raised  a 
large  fleet,  having  several  thousand  men  and  also  a  num- 
ber of  fighting  dogs.  A  foreign  gunner  joined  them. 
Part  of  the  fleet  landed  at  Waipio  and  began  their  work 
of  destruction ;  then  they  joined  the  others  at  sea. 

Kamehameha  raised  a  fleet  which  was  only  about  one 
tenth  as  large,  but  he  wisely  had  several  foreigners  to 
handle  his  three  brass  swivel  guns.  He  used  the  Bri- 
tannia, which  had  been  built  for  him  by  Vancouver's 
carpenters.  Keeping  in  calm  waters,  he  sailed  out  to 
meet  the  enemy. 

The  contest  was  a  fierce  but  short  one,  for  the  spears 
and  daggers  were  no  match  for  the  "red-mouthed  guns," 
and  the  enemy  fled  in  dismay. 


POWERFUL  ENEMIES  OF  KAMEHAMEHA  I         119 

Kahekili,  fearing  that  Kamehameha  would  follow  him, 
begged  for  peace.  "  Wait  till  the  black  tapa  covers  me," 
was  the  message  that  he  sent,  "  and  my  kingdom  shall  be 
yours."  Soon  after  this  he  died  of  old  age,  and  his  son 
Kalanikupule  inherited  his  kingdom. 


Kaiana,  the  Rebel 

Kaiana  was  a  handsome  chief,  the  brother  of  Kaeo, 
king  of  Kauai.  He  was  anxious  to  know  all  that  he 
could  about  the  strange  countries  from  which  foreign 
ships  came.  He  traded  food  and  water  for  nails  and 
pieces  of  iron,  and  thus  had  an  opportunity  to  learn 
much  from  the  sailors. 

At  one  time  the  ship  Nootka  came  to  Kauai.  Captain 
Meares,  an  Englishman,  was  on  his  way  to  Canton.  He 
became  interested  in  the  intelligent  young  chief,  whom 
he  invited  to  accompany  him. 

Kaiana  gladly  accepted  this  chance  to  see  the  world. 
He  was  interested  in  all  the  strange  sights  of  Canton. 
The  English  people  there  were  kind  to  him.  He  wore 
foreign  clothes,  but  kept  his  red-feather  cape  to  show  his 
rank.  For  his  return  he  collected  many  things  that  would 
be  useful  to  Hawaii.  He  took  lime  and  orange  trees,  also 
goats,  turkeys,  and  cattle.  The  Iphigenia,  upon  which 
he  was  to  sail,  went  to  America  first.  This  gave  him  a 
chance  to  learn  more  about  the  world,  but  all  his  live 
stock  perished  on  the  long  voyage. 

Kaeo  was  jealous  of  his  brother  because  of  his  wealth 


120       OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

and  power.  Kaiana  knew  this,  so  he  went  to  Hawaii  in- 
stead of  to  Kauai,  and  Kamehameha  received  him  gladly 
because  of  the  many  things  which  his  guest  could  tell  him 
about  foreign  lands.  He  sailed  out  to  meet  the  returned 
chief  with  a  fleet  of  twelve  double  canoes,  which  were 
decorated  with  feathers.  The  captain  of  the  Iphigenia 
pleased  Kamehameha  by  saluting  him  with  seven  guns. 

Kamehameha  sent  for  Kaiana's  wife  and  child,  and  at 
first  Kaiana  was  happy  in  his  new  home,  but  he  soon 
began  to  feel  that  he  had  too  little  power  for  one  who 
had  learned  so  many  things. 

When  Kamehameha  set  out  to  conquer  all  the  islands, 
Kaiana  had  charge  of  one  division  of  the  army,  but  he 
became  angry  because  he  had  not  been  invited  to  a  coun- 
cil of  chiefs.  So  instead  of  meeting  the  others  at  Wai- 
kiki,  on  Oahu,  he  landed  his  fleet  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  island.  They  climbed  the  Nuuanu  Pali  and  joined  the 
enemy  in  Nuuanu  Valley.  Kalanikupule  was  behind  a 
wall  of  earth  and  stones,  and  here  they  waited  for  the 
attack. 

Kamehameha  landed  at  Waikiki.  When  he  learned 
that  Kaiana  had  deserted  him  he  did  not  lose  heart,  but 
marched  his  army  across  the  barren  plains  of  what  is  now 
the  beautiful  city  of  Honolulu,  and  advanced  fearlessly 
toward  the  enemy. 

The  battle  that  followed  was  a  fierce  one.  Kaiana  was 
killed  by  a  cannon  ball,  and  his  army  was  pushed  back. 
Some  few  escaped  up  the  steep  mountain  sides,  but  the 
majority  were  driven  to  the  Pali  and  dashed  to  pieces 


POWERFUL  ENEMIES  OF  KAMEHAMEHA  1         121 

over  its  edge.    Kalanikupule  was  offered  in  sacrifice  to 
the  war  god. 

A  few  years  ago  the  Daughters  of  Hawaii  erected  a 
monument  at  the  Pali  in  memory  of  the  famous  battle 
of  Nuuanu  Valley.  It  was  the  last  of  the  great  battles 
which  resulted  in  the  union  of  the  islands  under  one 
government. 

Kaumualii  on  Kauai 

When  Vancouver  visited  the  islands  in  1792,  he  be- 
came interested  in  Kaumualii,  the  son  of  Kaeo,  who  was 
then  about  twelve  years  old.  Everywhere  the  boy  went 
he  was  accompanied  by  a  guard  of  thirty  men,  who  car- 
ried daggers,  guns,  and  powder. 

Vancouver  was  anchored  off  Waimea,  Kauai,  when  the 
young  chief  visited  his  ship.  At  first  the  little  fellow  was 
frightened  by  the  strange  sights  and  clung  to  Vancou- 
ver, rubbing  noses  with  him  again  and  again.  Vancouver 
calmed  his  fears  by  giving  him  some  presents  to  divert 
him,  and  soon  he  was  willing  to  go  to  every  part  of 
the  ship. 

Vancouver  found  the  child  quiet  and  polite  and  good- 
tempered.  He  was  interested  in  the  new  things  which 
he  saw,  and  asked  intelligent  questions. 

When  Vancouver  made  his  second  visit,  he  brought 
sheep  as  a  present  to  the  young  chief.  Kaumualii  enter- 
tained him  with  a  dance  of  six  hundred  women  dressed 
in  tapa.  They  moved  in  unison,  keeping  perfect  time  to 
the  music. 


122        OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

Kaumualii  kept  up  his  interest  in  foreigners.  They 
were  his  friends  and  taught  him  to  read  and  write.  After 
his  father's  death  another  chief  claimed  the  throne,  but 
Kaumualii's  many  friends  helped  him  to  become  king. 
He  was  beloved  by  his  people  because  he  encouraged 
trade  and  work. 

When  news  came  that  Kamehameha  had  taken  all  the 
other  islands  and  was  coming  to  Kauai,  Kaumualii  raised 
a  large  army.  Then  he  bravely  sent  messages  that  he 
was  about  to  invade  Oahu.  He  had  a  vessel  ready  in 
which  he  could  flee  to  the  South  Seas  in  case  the  great 
conqueror  proved  too  strong  for  him. 

We  have  already  seen  that  Kamehameha  started  out 
as  he  had  threatened  to  do,  but  a  terrible  storm  drove 
him  back.  Then  he  had  a  large  fleet  of  war  canoes  built 
upon  Hawaii  from  the  tall  tree  trunks  in  the  forests  back 
of  Hilo.  James  Boyd,  a  carpenter,  helped  to  build  some 
of  the  vessels.  As  we  know,  a  sickness  broke  out  in  the 
army  and  the  plans  had  to  be  given  up. 

Kaumualii  decided  that  the  wisest  plan  was  to  avoid 
war,  so  he  sent  his  cousin  to  Oahu  with  the  message  that 
Kamehameha  might  have  Kauai.  The  answer  was  that 
he  must  offer  it  in  person.  Kaumualii  ventured  to  go, 
and  was  cordially  greeted  by  Kamehameha.  The  visiting 
chief  was  told  that  he  might  keep  his  kingdom  during 
his  lifetime,  on  condition  that  at  his  death  he  should  be 
succeeded  by  Liholiho,  son  of  Kamehameha.  Some  of 
the  Oahu  chiefs  planned  to  poison  Kaumualii  at  a  feast, 
but  Isaac  Davis,  of  whom  you  will  hear  later,  warned 


POWERFUL  ENEMIES  OF  KAMEHAMEHA  I         123 

him  in  time  for  him  to  escape  and  sail  back  to  Kauai. 
For  this  kindness,  Davis  himself  was  poisoned  by  the 
disappointed  chiefs. 

We  have  already  mentioned  the  trouble  with  the  Rus- 
sians on  Kauai.  A  sealing  ship  was  wrecked  off  the  coast 
of  Waimea,  and  later  a  doctor  was  sent  by  Russia  to 
claim  the  wreck.  Then  two  more  Russian  ships  came, 
and  people  thought  that  they  wanted  to  plant  a  colony. 
On  Kauai,  Kaumualii  was  friendly  to  the  doctor,  who 
remained,  and  gave  him  Hanalei  Valley  for  a  present.  He 
began  to  build  a  fort  for  the  king  at  Waimea,  but  before 
it  was  finished  he  raised  the  Russian  flag.  Kamehameha 
gave  orders  that  the  Russians  must  leave  the  islands,  and 
they  went  at  once.  Later  on,  another  Russian  ship  came, 
and  the  captain  was  treated  coolly  until  he  assured  Kame- 
hameha that  the  fort  was  built  without  the  knowledge 
of  Russia,  and  that  his  country  had  no  desire  to  plant  a 
colony  in  the  islands. 

Kaumualii  sent  his  son  George  to  America  to  be  edu- 
cated, and  later  on  the  young  man  fought  in  a  war  with 
pirates  and  also  in  the  War  of  1812.  He  returned  to 
the  islands  with  the  first  party  of  American  missionaries. 
His  father  was  interested  in  the  new  religion  and  invited 
two  of  the  men  to  come  to  Kauai  and  start  schools  for 
his  people. 

When  Liholiho  became  king,  he  thought  that  Kau- 
mualii was  becoming  too  powerful.  Perhaps  it  was  be- 
cause the  latter  addressed  him  as  "  king  of  the  windward 
islands."  He  sailed  to  Kauai  on  a  reckless  voyage  in  a 


124       OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

small  boat.  When  he  arrived,  in  a  helpless  condition,  Kau- 
mualii  received  him  kindly,  and  offered  the  kingdom  to 
him  as  he  had  done  to  his  father  a  dozen  years  before. 
Liholiho  said,  "  I  did  not  come  here  to  take  away  your 
country ;  keep  your  island,  take  care  of  it,  and  do  what 
you  please  with  your  vessels."  But  he  was  not  sincere. 
Although  he  was  royally  entertained,  in  return  he  carried 
the  Kauai  king  away  with  him  and  would  never  let  him 
go  back  to  his  home.  Kaumualii  settled  in  Honolulu 
and  became  a  husband  of  Kaahumanu,  widow  of  Kame- 
hameha  I.  They  visited  the  windward  islands  together 
for  the  purpose  of  destroying  the  idols.  Two  years  later 
Kaumualii  died,  greatly  mourned  by  the  whole  nation. 
Mr.  Stewart,  one  of  the  early  missionaries,  who  knew 
him  well,  says  that  he  was  always  princely  in  word  and 
in  action,  and  that  he  lived  up  to  the  character  of  a 
pious  man. 

After  Kaumualii's  death  his  son  George  tried  to  seize 
the  throne  by  leading  a  rebellion  on  Kauai,  but  he  was 
defeated  and  sent  to  Oahu,  where  he  could  be  watched. 

REVIEW 

Who  was  Keoua?  How  did  he  start  the  trouble  after  Kalaniopuu's 
death  ?  What  three  chiefs  were  rivals  after  the  battle  of  Mokuohai  ?  What 
land  did  each  hold  ?  What  happened  to  Keawe-mauhili  ?  What  two  rival 
chiefs  then  were  trying  to  be  king  of  the  island  ?  Describe  the  eruption 
of  the  volcano  and  tell  what  the  result  was.  Where  was  a  heiau  built  ? 
How  was  Kamehameha  able  to  gain  so  much  power  ? 

What  have  you  already  learned  about  Kahekili  ?  What  was  his  char- 
acter ?  How  did  he  make  himself  hideous,  and  why  ?  In  what  underhand 


POWERFUL  ENEMIES  OF  KAMEHAMEHA  I         125 

way  did  he  conquer  Oahu  ?  What  made  him  hurry  back  to  Maui  ?  Tell 
of  the  fleet  that  he  and  Kaeo  raised  to  invade  Hawaii.  Describe  the  fleet 
of  Kamehameha  I.  Tell  about  the  contest.  Who  won,  and  why  ?  What 
message  did  the  broken-hearted  old  king  send  to  Kamehameha  ?  Who 
became  king  when  Kahekili  died  ? 

Who  was  Kaiana  ?  Tell  about  his  interest  in  foreign  ships.  Describe 
his  voyage  to  Canton  and  the  return.  Name  some  of  the  things  which 
he  brought  home  with  him.  Why  did  he  go  to  Hawaii  instead  of  Kauai  ? 
How  did  Kamehameha  I  receive  him  ?  What  made  him  grow  discon- 
tented ?  Why  was  he  angry  when  the  fleet  set  out  to  conquer  the  islands  ? 
How  did  he  show  his  anger  ?  Tell  of  Kamehameha's  march  from  Waikiki 
to  Nuuanu.  Where  were  the  fortifications  of  the  enemy?  Describe  the 
battle.  What  happened  to  Kaiana  ?  to  Kalanikupule  ?  Why  was  a  tablet 
erected  at  the  Pali  ?  What  was  the  importance  of  this  victory  ? 

Who  was  Kaumualii  ?  How  was  he  guarded  ?  Describe  his  first  visit 
to  Vancouver's  ship.  What  was  his  character  ?  When  Vancouver  made 
his  second  visit  what  did  he  bring  Kaumualii  ?  How  did  the  young  chief 
entertain  him  ?  What  did  Kaumualii  learn  from  foreigners  ?  Why  did  he 
have  so  many  friends  ?  How  did  he  get  the  throne  ?  How  did  he  prepare 
to  resist  Kamehameha's  invasion  ?  Tell  of  two  attempts  which  failed. 
What  message  did  Kaumualii  send  to  Oahu,  and  why  ?  Why  did  he  go 
himself  ?  How  was  he  treated  by  Kamehameha  ?  by  some  of  the  chiefs  ? 
by  Isaac  Davis  ?  Tell  about  the  trouble  with  Russia.  If  you  live  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Waimea  River  you  can  see  the  ruins  of  that  old  fort.  Did 
Russia  intend  to  take  the  islands  for  a  colony  ?  Why  did  Liholiho  visit 
Kauai  ?  What  did  he  tell  Kaumualii  ?  How  did  he  break  his  word  ?  Tell 
of  Kaumualii's  marriage  on  Oahu.  What  trip  did  he  and  his  wife  make 
together  ?  What  did  Mr.  Stewart  say  of  his  character  ?  After  Kaumualii's 
death  what  rebellion  took  place  on  Kauai  ?  What  was  the  result  ? 


POWERFUL  FRIENDS  OF  KAMEHAMEHA  I 
TJie  Four  Kona  Chiefs 

It  had  been  a  custom  after  the  death  of  a  chief  to 
assemble  a  council  of  chiefs  and  redistribute  the  land. 
When  Kalaniopuu  died  there  was  much  dispute  about 
this  division  of  the  lands.  You  remember  that  Kame- 
hameha  I  received  the  Kona  side  of  the  island.  There 
were  four  powerful  chiefs  who  held  this  land  for  him, 
and  it  was  they  who  helped  him  all  through  the  wars. 
Afterwards  he  made  them  his  chief  advisers  under  the 
new  government. 

Keeaumoku,  the  father  of  his  favorite  wife,  Kaahumanu, 
was  his  closest  friend.  He  it  was  who  killed  Kiwalao  in 
the  battle  of  Mokuohai.  He  was  also  the  slayer  of  Keoua. 
He  was  called  the  "  slayer  of  princes  and  the  maker  of 
kings."  After  the  islands  became  united  he  was  made 
governor  of  Maui. 

Kamanawa  and  Kameeiamoku  were  twin  brothers,  and 
half  brothers  of  Keeaumoku.  They  are  the  supporters 
of  the  coat  of  arms,  one  carrying  a  spear  and  the  other 
a  kahili.  The  last  two  rulers  on  the  throne  of  Hawaii  — 
Kalakaua  and  his  sister  Liliuokalani  —  were  in  direct 
descent  from  these  two  great  chiefs. 

The  fourth  of  the  chiefs  was  Keawe-a-Heulu. 

126 


POWERFUL  FRIENDS  OF  KAMEHAMEHA  I        127 

Kalanimoku,  called  t/ie  "Iron  Cable  of  Hawaii  " 

We  have  already  seen  that  Kalanimoku  was  made 
prime  minister  for  Kamehameha  I  and  held  the  same  posi- 
tion during  the  reign  of  Liholiho  and  of  Kauikeaouli, 
until  his  death.  In  recognition  of  his  ability  he  received 
a  present  of  a  gold  watch  from  the  British  government 
at  the  time  that  Lord  Byron  visited  the  islands. 

John  Young  and  Jsaac  Davis 

These  two  American  sailors  were  of  more  help  than  any 
other  foreigners  to  Kamehameha  I.  The  following  story 
explains  how  they  happened  to  stay  upon  the  islands. 

Two  years  before  Vancouver's  visit  an  American  fur 
trader  named  Metcalf  stopped  at  the  islands  in  his  ship 
Eleanor.  Kaiana  and  other  chiefs  planned  to  capture 
the  ship,  but  Kamehameha  discovered  their  plans  and 
stopped  them.  Metcalf  had  the  chief  Kameeiamoku 
whipped  with  a  rope  for  some  slight  offense.  He  also 
had  a  number  of  innocent  people  killed,  because  a  boat 
of  his  had  been  stolen.  Kameeiamoku  was  angry  and 
decided  to  have  revenge  upon  the  next  ship  that  came. 
This  happened  to  be  the  Fair  American,  commanded 
by  the  young  son  of  Metcalf.  Kameeiamoku  had  the 
captain  and  all  the  crew  killed.  Isaac  Davis,  the  mate, 
alone  escaped  death.  While  the  captain  of  the  Eleanor 
was  waiting  for  his  son,  his  boatswain,  John  Young,  was 
ashore,  and  Kamehameha  ordered  that  he  should  be 


128        OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

kept  on  the  island  for  fear  that  Metcalf  would  learn  of 
the  young  man's  death.  After  firing  signal  guns  in  vain, 
and  hearing  nothing  from  his  son,  the  captain  sailed 
for  China. 

So  these  two  sailors  were  left  in  Hawaii.  Kamehameha 
treated  them  kindly,  gave  them  valuable  lands,  and  made 
them  chiefs.  In  return  they  mounted,  for  land  service,  the 
small  cannon  which  were  there,  and  taught  the  use  of  the 
musket.  Time  and  again  their  advice  helped  Kameha- 
meha, especially  in  his  dealings  with  foreigners. 

We  know  the  sad  fate  that  overtook  Isaac  Davis  for 
befriending  the  chief  Kaumualii.  John  Young  married 
a  chieftainess  and  lived  to  a  good  old  age.  The  beauti- 
ful Queen  Emma,  the  wife  of  Kamehameha  IV,  was  his 
granddaughter. 

REVIEW 

How  were  the  Kona  chiefs  a  help  to  Kamehameha  I  ?  Name  his 
closest  friend.  Why  was  this  friend  called  the  "  slayer  of  princes  and 
the  maker  of  kings "  ?  Who  was  Kaahumanu  ?  What  position  did 
Keeaumoku  receive  after  the  wars  ? 

Name  the  twin  brothers.  How  are  they  represented  upon  the  coat 
of  arms  ?  What  two  rulers  are  descended  from  them  ?  Name  the  fourth 
Kona  chief. 

Who  was  Kalanimoku  ?  Do  you  remember  what  foreigners  called 
him  ?  How  long  was  he  prime  minister  ?  What  present  did  he  receive 
from  the  British  government? 

Name  the  two  American  sailors  who  were  true  friends  to  Kame- 
hameha. Tell  the  story  of  how  they  came  to  remain  upon  the  islands. 
What  did  they  receive ?  How  did  they  return  this  kindness?  What  caused 
the  death  of  Davis  ?  \Vhat  queen  was  a  granddaughter  of  John  Young  ? 


KAMEHAMEHA  II,  WHO  OVERTHREW  IDOLATRY 

I 

Liholiho  was  born  at  Hilo,  Hawaii.  He  was  the  son 
of  Keopuolani,  the  highest  in  rank  of  the  wives  of 
Kamehameha. 

When  the  child  was  five  years  of  age  he  was  taken  to 
the  heiau  and  formally  installed  as  heir  apparent  to  the 
throne. 

He  had  many  qualities  which  ought  to  have  made 
him  a  good  ruler  when  he  became  king.  He  was  good- 
natured  and  kind,  with  a  bright  mind  and  a  good  mem- 
ory. He  was  fearless  and  decisive  in  character.  But  he 
was  easily  led  by  bad  companions,  and  his  great  weak- 
ness was  a  love  for  strong  drink.  Kamehameha  knew 
that  his  son  was  not  capable  of  ruling  wisely,  so  he 
arranged  that  Kaahumanu  should  be  kuhina  nui,  or 
queen  regent,  and  have  equal  power  with  the  king. 

II 

Kamehameha's  strong  hand  had  kept  the  religion 
and  tabus  of  his  fathers,  but  many  of  the  high  chiefs 
and  priests  had  lost  faith,  and  were  ready  to  do  away 
with  the  irksome  tabus  as  soon  as  possible.  The  queen 

mother  and  the  queen  regent  were  among  the  number. 

129 


130       OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

Ten  days  after  the  king's  death  the  young  king  re- 
turned to  Kailua  to  be  installed  as  king.  Many  chiefs 
and  common  people  arrived  to  witness  the  important 
ceremony.  The  king  stepped  from  the  heiau  dressed 
in  a  feather  cape ;  with  him  were  other  chiefs  in  capes 
and  helmets,  carrying  kahilis.  Kaahumanu  came  to  meet 
him.  She  also  wore  a  feather  cape,  and  as  she  advanced 
she  repeated  to  the  king  the  will  of  his  father,  and  then 
requested  him  to  abolish  the  tabus.  He  remained  silent, 
but  that  evening  he  consented  that  his  young  brother 
should  eat  with  the  queen  mother. 

Soon  after  this,  Kaahumanu  had  a  royal  feast,  or  luau, 
prepared  at  Kailua.  On  his  way  there  Liholiho  was 
partly  drunk,  and  in  that  condition  he  broke  several 
trifling  tabus. 

As  usual  the  luau  was  prepared  so  that  the  women  sat 
at  a  different  table  from  that  of  the  men,  and  had  food 
cooked  in  a  separate  oven.  All  the  company  was  seated 
before  anything  unusual  happened.  Then  Hewahewa,  the 
high  priest,  rose  and  said  in  a  firm  voice,  "  One  and  all, 
may  we  eat  in  peace,  and  in  our  hearts  give  thanks." 
These  words  seemed  to  give  the  king  courage  to  carry 
out  his  plans,  and  without  a  word  he  walked  over  to 
the  women's  table  and  sat  down  beside  his  mother.  He 
ordered  food  from  the  men's  table  to  be  brought  and  set 
before  the  women ;  then  he  began  to  eat  the  food  which 
had  been  baked  in  the  women's  oven. 

There  was  a  dead  silence,  as  if  people  were  waiting  to 
see  how  the  gods  would  punish  him  for  such  disobedience. 


KAMEHAMEHA  II  131 

As  no  harm  came  to  him,  others  followed  his  example. 
Women  hastened  to  taste  the  tempting  food  which  had 
always  been  tabu  to  them,  and  men  rushed  into  the  heiaus 
and  devoured  the  pork  upon  the  altars.  They  shouted 
joyfully,  "  The  tabus  are  at  an  end  and  the  gods  are  a  lie." 
The  next  thing  in  order  was  to  break  down  the  idols 
and  destroy  the  temples.  There  were  many  who  could 
not  bear  to  see  the  gods  of  their  fathers  done  away  with. 
A  cousin  of  Liholiho  had  been  given  charge  of  the  war 
god  and  he  remained  true  to  his  trust.  Kaahumanu  and 
others  tried  to  win  him  over,  but  in  vain.  He  raised  an 
army  of  the  faithful  and  fought  bravely,  with  his  loyal 
wife  at  his  side.  They  were  both  killed  in  battle,  and  their 
followers  were  defeated.  Many  still  secretly  worshiped 
the  old  gods,  but  there  was  no  more  open  rebellion. 

Ill 

American  missionaries  arrived  in  1820,  the  year  after 
the  tabus  had  been  abolished.  They  had  become  inter- 
ested in  the  natives  through  some  Hawaiians  in  America 
who  had  told  them  of  the  cruel  religion  of  their  people. 
One  of  these  was  the  boy  Obookiah,  who  studied  at  the 
mission  school  at  Cornwall,  Connecticut. 

There  were  seven  missionaries  and  their  wives  who 
set  out  on  the  Thaddeus  for  the  long  voyage  around 
Cape  Horn.  Four  of  the  young  Hawaiian  seamen  accom- 
panied them  as  interpreters.  When  they  reached  the 
shores  of  Kohala  the  first  officer  went  ashore  to  see  if  his 
passengers  could  be  landed.  The  message  which  he  got 


132       OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

was  as  follows :  "  Liholiho  is  king ;  the  tabus  are  abol- 
ished ;  the  idols  are  burned ;  the  temples  are  destroyed. 
There  has  been  war,  but  now  there  is  peace." 

Liholiho  was  assured  by  John  Young  that  the  mission- 
aries brought  the  same  religion  that  Vancouver  had  told 
his  father  about,  and  they  were  allowed  to  remain.  Two 
stayed  at  Kailua  with  the  king,  and  the  rest  were  sent  to 
Honolulu.  Two  accepted  Kaumualii's  invitation  to  come 
to  Kauai.  The  natives  watched  the  strangers  closely,  and 
soon  saw  that  they  were  unselfish  and  came  because  they 
wanted  to  be  of  service.  They  lived  in  grass  houses,  and 
had  to  get  along  without  many  of  the  comforts  of  their 
New  England  homes. 

Liholiho  worked  hard  at  his  books,  and  in  three  months 
he  had  learned  to  read  and  write.  He  became  a  great 
student  and  learned  many  things  about  foreign  countries. 

IV 

Liholiho  decided  to  make  a  voyage  to  England  and 
put  his  country  under  her  protection.  He  also  wished 
to  learn  better  ways  of  governing  and  of  trading. 

He  set  out  in  the  ship  UAigle  with  his  favorite  wife, 
Kamamalu,  the  chief  Boki  and  his  wife  Liliha,  and  four 
other  chiefs,  amid  the  wailings  of  the  natives,  —  for  no 
chief  before  had  ventured  upon  so  long  and  dangerous 
a  voyage.  The  journey  was  not  what  it  ought  to  have 
been,  for  the  captain,  and  the  Frenchman  who  was  in- 
terpreter, made  Liholiho  drunk  and  cheated  him  out  of 
ten  thousand  dollars. 


KAMEHAMEHA  II  133 

They  were  royally  received  in  England,  where  the  king 
and  his  family  showed  them  the  strange  sights  of  London. 
Unfortunately  the  royal  guests  were  all  taken  sick  with 
the  measles.  The  lesser  chiefs  recovered,  but  the  queen 
died,  and  a  week  later  the  king  also  passed  away.  The 
king  of  England  had  done  everything  within  his  power 
for  the  visitors.  He  sent  the  remains  of  the  king  and 
queen  back  to  Hawaii  in  his  own  ship,  commanded  by 
Lord  Byron.  The  chiefs  accompanied  Byron. 

In  Hawaii  the  people  had  received  no  news  of  the  sad 
event  until  the  arrival  of  the  party  with  the  remains. 
There  was  great  sorrow  and  much  wailing  throughout 
the  land. 

Lord  Byron  is  another  Englishman  who  is  remembered 
with  gratitude  by  the  Hawaiians.  He  gave  the  chiefs 
good  advice  about  governing,  surveyed  Hilo  Bay,  and 
saw  that  a  monument  to  Captain  Cook  was  erected  at 
Kealakeakua  Bay.  Unfortunately,  the  man  whom  he 
brought  for  British  consul  was  different  in  character  from 
himself.  We  shall  see  later  how  much  trouble  this  Mr. 
Charlton  made  in  the  seventeen  years  that  he  spent  in 
the  islands. 

REVIEW 

Who  was  Liholiho,  and  when  and  where  was  he  born  ?  When  was  he 
made  heir  apparent  ?  What  did  that  ceremony  mean  ?  What  was  his 
character  ?  How  did  Kamehameha  arrange  so  that  his  weak  son  would 
not  have  too  much  power  ? 

How  had  the  chiefs  come  to  feel  toward  the  tabus  ?  Describe  the  in- 
stallation of  the  king.  Would  he  abolish  the  tabus  then  ?  Describe  the 


134       OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

way  in  which  he  publicly  abolished  them.  What  destruction  followed? 
What  chief  remained  faithful  to  the  gods  ?  Tell  the  result.  After  that 
how  did  the  people  act  regarding  the  abolition  of  idolatry  ? 

Why  did  American  missionaries  decide  to  come  to  Hawaii  ?  How  did 
they  come  ?  How  many  were  in  the  party  ?  What  message  did  they  re- 
ceive which  made  them  believe  that  they  had  come  at  just  the  right  time  ? 
Where  were  the  first  missionary  stations  ?  What  made  the  natives  follow 
their  teachings  ?  What  did  Liholiho  learn  from  them  ? 

Why  did  Liholiho  plan  to  go  to  England  ?  Who  accompanied  him  ? 
Describe  the  voyage.  How  were  they  received  by  the  king  of  England  ? 
What  calamity  happened  while  they  were  in  England  ?  Describe  the 
voyage  homeward.  How  did  Lord  Byron  help  the  Hawaiians  ?  Who 
came  with  him  as  British  consul? 


NOBLE  WOMEN  WHO  AIDED  THE  SPREAD 
OF  CHRISTIANITY 

Keopuolani^  the  "  Gathering  of  the 
Clouds  of  Heaven  " 

In  the  same  year  that  Captain  Cook  discovered  the 
islands  another  important  event  took  place.  A  little 
princess  was  born  in  Wailuku,  Maui,  who  was  of  higher 
rank  than  any  other  living  chief.  That  was  because 
her  father  was  Kiwalao,  highest  chief  of  Hawaii,  while 
her  great-uncle  was  the  dreaded  Kahekili  of  Maui.  Hei 
name,  Keopuolani,  means  the  "gathering  of  the  clouds 
of  heaven." 

Soon  after  her  birth  her  parents  went  back  to  Hawaii, 
and  the  baby  was  left  with  her  mother's  mother,  Kalola, 
the  sister  of  Kahekili.  The  child  was  brought  up  as  one 
in  her  station  ought  to  be,  with  many  retainers  to  wait 
upon  her.  She  was  gentle  and  affectionate,  and  mild  in 
her  treatment  of  others. 

In  her  thirteenth  year  a  strange  thing  happened.  Her 
father's  enemy,  the  great  Kamehameha,  invaded  Maui, 
and  instead  of  taking  her  as  prisoner  he  married  her.  He 
wanted  a  wife  who  was  of  higher  rank  than  himself. 

She  was  a  faithful  wife,  even  going  to  battle  with  him. 
That  was  a  great  help,  because  her  high  rank  inspired  the 
warriors  and  put  fear  into  the  hearts  of  the  enemy. 

135 


136     OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

Of  her  thirteen  children,  only  three  lived  to  grow  up. 
These  were  Liholiho,  who  reigned  as  Kamehameha  II, 
Kauikeaouli,  who  afterwards  became  King  Kamehameha 
III,  and  the  Princess  Nahienaena. 

After  the  death  of  Kamehameha,  Keopuolani  was  asked 
if  she  would  be  willing  to  abolish  the  tabus.  She  had  kept 
them  faithfully  all  her  life,  but  had  always  been  mild  in 
her  treatment  of  others  who  had  broken  them.  She  asked 
what  harm  the  gods  had  done,  and  when  told,  she  said, 
"  Our  gods  have  done  us  no  good ;  they  are  cruel ;  let 
the  king's  wish  and  yours  be  gratified."  She  sent  for 
her  little  son  Kauikeaouli  to  come  and  eat  with  her, 
which  was  a  violation  of  tabu ;  this  the  king,  Liholiho, 
permitted. 

She  was  one  of  the  first  to  be  influenced  by  the  mis- 
sionaries, and  the  first  to  be  baptized.  In  the  few  remain- 
ing years  of  her  life  her  influence  was  great  because  of 
her  rank.  She  started  a  missionary  station  at  Lahaina  on 
Maui,  where  she  spent  her  last  days.  Her  special  request 
was  that  when  she  died,  the  burial  should  be  with  Chris- 
tian rites,  without  the  horrors  that  accompanied  the  death 
of  a  chief  in  old  times.  Her  wish  was  respected,  but  there 
was  much  wailing,  for  she  was  dearly  loved  by  everybody. 

Kaahumanu,  t/ie  "Feather  Mantle  " 

In  what  strange  place  do  you  think  that  Kaahumanu 
was  born  ?  It  was  in  a  cave  at  the  foot  of  Kauwiki  Hill 
near  Hana,  Maui.  The  high  waves  dash  up  at  the  en- 
trance so  that  it  would  be  hard  to  find  any  one  who  was 


NOBLE  WOMEN  137 

hiding  there.  That  is  why  her  parents  chose  that  place 
to  hide  from  their  enemies,  for  she  was  born  at  a  time 
when  many  wars  were  taking  place,  and  her  father 
was  the  mighty  warrior  Keeaumoku,  of  whom  you  have 
heard. 

Kaahumanu  was  brought  up  at  the  court  of  Kalani- 
opuu,  the  king  of  Hawaii.  Once,  when  she  was  a  baby, 
she  was  wrapped  in  tapa  and  left  upon  the  platform  of  a 
double  canoe.  The  rolling  of  the  canoe  caused  the  child 
to  fall  into  the  water,  and  if  some  one  had  not  noticed  the 
strange  bundle  and  rescued  her,  she  would  have  been 
drowned.  Another  time  she  was  almost  drowned  while 
swimming  in  the  surf. 

As  a  girl  she  was  famous  for  her  beauty  and  also  for 
her  determination.  She  attracted  the  attention  of  Kame- 
hameha  I,  who  married  her  when  she  was  seventeen  years 
of  age.  Both  were  headstrong,  and  they  often  disagreed, 
but  in  spite  of  that  she  was  his  favorite  wife. 

Kamehameha  showed  his  confidence  in  Kaahumanu's 
ability  when  in  his  will  he  made  her  queen  regent,  having 
equal  power  with  his  son.  She  was  the  greatest  power  in 
securing  the  abolition  of  the  tabus,  and  afterwards  used 
all  her  influence  to  see  that  the  idols  were  destroyed. 
With  her  later  husband,  Kaumualii,  she  made  a  tour  of 
the  islands,  collecting  and  destroying  many  idols.  She 
had  the  sacred  Hale-o-Keawe1  torn  down,  and  the  bones 
of  the  chiefs  were  removed  to  the  mausoleum  in  Honolulu. 

1  A  tomb  where  for  more  than  a  hundred  years  the  bones  of  the  chiefs  had 
been  deposited.  It  was  surrounded  with  idols. 


138       OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

Not  so  easily  led  as  was  Keopuolani,  when  the  first 
missionaries  came  Kaahumanu  watched  them  closely, 
although  she  pretended  to  pay  no  attention  to  them. 

The  missionaries,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bingham,  tried  in 
many  ways  to  interest  her  in  the  Christian  religion. 
When  they  brought  her  a  little  book  printed  in  the 
Hawaiian  language,  she  was  pleased,  and  let  them 
teach  her  to  read. 

Once,  when  she  was  ill,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bingham  took 
care  of  her  and  won  her  affection  by  their  kindness.  After 
that  she  became  anxious  to  know  about  their  religion. 

As  soon  as  she  became  a  Christian  she  put  her  whole 
soul  into  her  new  faith,  and  it  changed  her  character  so 
much  that  people  called  her  "  the  new  Kaahumanu."  She 
journeyed  among  the  islands,  urging  the  people  to  learn 
to  read  and  write,  to  work  better,  and  to  accept  the 
Christian  religion.  She  made  laws  against  wickedness,  and 
compelled  the  natives  to  study  and  to  keep  the  Sabbath. 

Her  beautiful  country  home  was  in  Manoa  Valley, 
in  a  grove  of  ohia  trees  near  a  lively  little  mountain 
stream.  Here  she  often  went  to  rest,  and  it  was  here  that 
she  spent  her  last  days.  At  that  time  Mr.  Bingham  was 
having  the  New  Testament  printed  in  Hawaiian.  He  knew 
that  she  could  live  but  a  short  time,  so  he  hurried  one 
copy  through  the  press  for  her.  It  was  bound  in  red 
morocco,  with  her  name  in  gilt  letters  on  the  cover,  and 
gave  her  much  pleasure  before  she  died. 

We  shall  read  later  of  some  of  the  good  things  which 
Kaahumanu  as  queen  regent  did  for  her  people.  She  had 


NOBLE  WOMEN  1 39 

such  force  of  character  that  when  she  believed  that  she 
was  in  the  right,  no  power  on  earth  could  move  her  from 
her  purpose.  She  was  the  second  greatest  character  in 
Hawaiian  history. 

Kapiolani,  the  "Arch  of  Heaven" 

Kapiolani  was  the  daughter  of  Keawe-mauhili,  the  uncle 
who  fought  with  Kiwalao  against  Kamehameha  I.  One  day. 
she  and  a  little  friend,  who  was  also  of  high  rank,  decided 
to  taste  a  banana.  She  had  seen  many  of  them,  but  had 
not  been  allowed  to  eat  the  fruit  because  it  was  tabu  for 
women.  They  took  one  into  the  sea  with  them,  and  when 
they  felt  far  enough  away  from  shore  they  ate  it.  Alas  for 
them  !  a  watchful  priest  had  seen  them.  Because  of  their 
high  rank  their  lives  were  spared,  but  Kapiolani's  favorite 
page  was  killed  to  satisfy  the  anger  of  the  gods. 

When  the  missionaries  arrived,  Kapiolani  had  grown 
to  be  a  woman,  and  had  two  husbands.  She  was  one  of 
the  first  to  become  a  Christian,  and  then  she  put  aside 
one  husband  and  kept  Naihe,  the  orator.  They  lived 
in  Kona,  a  short  distance  from  the  spot  where  Captain 
Cook  fell.  Kailua,  the  mission  station,  was  twelve  miles 
distant,  but  several  times  she  and  her  husband  took  the 
journey  on  horseback  or  in  a  canoe  to  hear  the  service. 
The  first  church  was  a  large  thatched  building  one  hun- 
dred eighty  feet  long  and  seventy-eight  feet  wide.  Thou- 
sands of  natives  helped  to  build  it  after  the  fashion  of 
their  own  houses,  and  when  it  was  dedicated  Kapiolani 
made  a  speech,  as  did  other  chiefs  also. 


140       OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

It  was  hard  for  the  natives  to  give  up  all  their  super- 
stitions at  once,  and  many  of  those  on  Hawaii  still  believed 
in  the  power  of  the  volcano  goddess  Pele.  To  show  them 
that  Pele  really  had  no  power,  Kapiolani  did  a  daring 
thing.  She  and  her  attendants  made  a  journey  of  almost 
one  hundred  miles,  most  of  the  way  on  foot,  to  reach  the 
edge  of  the  crater.  Instead  of  throwing  sacrifices  to  Pele, 
she  ate  the  sacred  olielo  berries,  and  of  course  no  harm 
came  to  her. 

The  following  play  is  based  upon  this  incident.  If  you 
saw  the  float  on  February  22,  1910,  which  carried  Kapi- 
olani and  her  attendants  and  the  priestess  at  the  brink  of 
the  crater,  it  will  help  you  in  acting  out  the  play. 

KAPIOLANI  DEFIES  PELE 

SCENE.   At  the  edge  of  the  crater. 
CHARACTERS.    Kapiolani,  retainers,  priestess. 

Kapiolani  (advances  to  meet  priestess).    Who  are  you  ? 

Priestess.  One  in  whom  the  goddess  dwells.  I  have  a  message  from 
Pele  which  threatens  terrible  punishment  if  you  do  not  respect  her. 

Kapiolani.  God  is  our  refuge  and  strength,  a  very  present  help 
in  trouble.  The  Lord  reigneth,  he  is  clothed  with  majesty.  Blessed  be 
the  name  of  the  Lord. 

Priestess.  Alas !  the  ke  akua  has  left  me.  I  must  leave  you  to  your 
fate.  (Goes  into  the  crater.) 

Kapiolani  (to  retainers).  I  am  weary.  Build  me  a  hut  here  on  the  edge 
of  the  crater,  where  I  may  spend  the  night.  (Sinks  down  on  soft  ferns 
while  others  are  collecting  branches  and  ferns  for  a  shelter.  Darkness  descends 
and  all  sleep.) 

Kapiolani  (awakes  and  rubs  her  eyes).  It  is  morning,  and  we  must  de- 
scend to  Pele's  fire,  (Leads  others  down  steep  wall  to  edge  of  burning  fire. 


NOBLE  WOMEN  141 

She  eats  sacred  ohelo  berries  and  throws  stones  into  the  chasm.)  Jehovah  is  my 
God.  He  kindled  these  fires.  I  fear  not  Pele.  If  I  perish  by  her  anger, 
then  you  may  fear  Pele ;  but  if  I  trust  in  Jehovah,  and  he  preserves  me 
while  I  am  breaking  the  tabus,  then  you  must  fear  and  serve  him  alone. 
Let  us  kneel  and  sing  in  praise  of  the  great  God. 

All  (after  a  long  pause).  Praise  be  to  God !  Pele  has  no  power.  She 
cannot  harm  our  brave  alii. 

REVIEW 

When  and  where  was  Keopuolani  born  ?  What  was  her  rank  ?  What 
is  the  meaning  of  her  name  ?  Who  brought  her  up  ?  What  was  her 
character  ?  Who  married  her,  and  when  ?  How  did  she  show  her  faith- 
fulness to  her  husband  ?  Who  were  her  children  ?  What  did  she  do  when 
the  chiefs  wanted  to  abolish  the  tabus  ?  Did  she  accept  Christianity  ? 
How  did  she  help  the  missionaries  ?  What  was  her  special  request  be- 
fore she  died  ?  Why  did  people  love  her  ? 

When  and  where  was  Kaahumanu  born  ?  Who  were  her  parents,  and 
how  did  it  happen  that  she  was  born  in  such  a  strange  place  ?  Where 
was  her  childhood  spent  ?  How  was  she  almost  drowned  ?  To  whom  was 
she  married  ?  Who  was  his  favorite  wife  ?  When  did  he  make  her  queen 
regent,  and  why  ?  How  did  she  use  her  influence  to  abolish  the  tabus  ? 
Why  did  she  and  Kaumualii  make  a  tour  of  the  islands  ?  What  was  her 
attitude  toward  the  missionaries  at  first  ?  How  did  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bing- 
ham  get  her  sympathies  ?  How  did  her  character  change  when  she  be- 
came a  Christian  ?  In  what  way  was  her  influence  felt  ?  Where  was  her 
country  home  ?  What  present  did  Mr.  Bingham  give  her  just  before  she 
died  ?  How  does  she  rank  in  Hawaiian  history  ?  Why  ? 

Who  was  Kapiolani  ?  Tell  how  she  and  a  friend  broke  the  tabu.  What 
punishment  followed  ?  What  was  one  of  her  first  acts  when  she  became  a 
Christian  ?  Where  did  she  live  ?  How  did  she  help  the  mission  at  Kailua  ? 
What  brave  act  of  hers  showed  her  people  that  there  was  only  one  God, 
and  that  Pele  had  no  power  ?  Describe  the  float  in  the  parade  on  Wash- 
ington's Birthday,  1910,  which  illustrated  this  story.  See  if  you  can  act 
out  the  play. 


KAMEHAMEHA  III,  WHO  GAVE  THE  PEOPLE 
THE  FIRST  WRITTEN  CONSTITUTION 

I 

Kauikeaouli,  who  afterwards  became  Kamehameha  III, 
was  born  at  Kailua  in  1813.  His  name  means  "placed 
in  the  blue  sky."  As  the  second  son  of  Kamehameha 
and  Keopuolani  he  was  next  heir  to  the  throne  after 
his  brother  Liholiho. 

His  father  died  when  he  was  only  six  years  of  age. 
Soon  after  this  event  his  mother  had  permission  from 
his  brother,  the  king,  for  the  little  fellow  to  come  and 
eat  with  her.  He  did  not  realize  the  importance  of  that 
event  or  of  the  abolition  of  all  the  tabus  which  happened 
soon  after.  He  did  not  know  that  the  tabu  system  had 
oppressed  his  people  for  fifteen  hundred  years. 

When  he  was  twelve  years  of  age  the  death  of  his 
brother  in  England  made  him  king.  At  that  time  Lord 
Byron  brought  the  child  a  present  from  the  British 
government.  It  was  a  rich  Windsor  uniform  and  a  hat 
and  sword.  Putting  them  on  -instantly  he  strutted  about 
the  whole  morning  in  great  delight. 

Kaahumanu  was  regent,  Kalanimoku  was  prime  min- 
ister, and  the  latter's  younger  brother,  Boki,  was  governor 

of  Oahu.  The  boy  was  too  young  to  rule,  and  Kaahumanu 

142 


KAMEHAMEHA  III  143 

put  him  in  charge  of  Boki  and  his  wife  Liliha.  When  it 
was  too  late,  she  saw  her  mistake. 

Boki  fell  into  bad  habits  after  his  return  from  England 
and  tried  to  take  the  power  from  Kaahumanu.  Naturally 
his  influence  over  the  young  king  was  harmful.  The  gov- 
ernor was  extravagant  and  got  heavily  into  debt.  Then  he 
rashly  fitted  up  two  ships  and  started  out  in  search  of 
sandalwood  in  the  South  Seas.  One  ship  was  lost  in  a 
storm,  and  of  the  five  hundred  men  who  accompanied 
him,  only  twenty  returned  on  the  other  ship.  Many  had 
died  of  exposure  and  sickness. 

Liliha  was  governor  after  her  husband  left.  She  had 
charge  of  the  young  king  and  kept  him  under  bad  influ- 
ences. She  planned  a  rebellion  when  the  leading  chiefs 
were  at  Lahaina,  and  she  even  went  so  far  as  to  fill 
the  fort  with  armed  men.  She  did  this  because  she  was 
afraid  of  losing  her  position  of  governor.  Her  father, 
Hoapili,  was  sent  to  reason  with  her,  and  yielding  to  his 
entreaties,  she  went  to  Lahaina.  Kaahumanu's  brother 
Kuakini  was  then  made  governor  of  Oahu.  Liliha  kept 
her  influence  over  the  king,  and  her  dissipated  followers 
became  his  best  friends.  They  were  called  Hulumanu, 
or  "  bird  feathers."  One  of  them  was  a  Tahitian,  and 
greatly  influenced  the  king. 

II 

So  you  see  that  things  were  in  a  bad  way  when  the 
young  king  passed  his  twentieth  birthday  and  announced 
that  he  was  going  to  take  the  power  into  his  own  hands. 


144       OLD-TIME  HAWAII ANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

Kaahumanu  had  died  the  year  before,  and  Kinau,  a  half 
sister  of  the  king,  had  taken  her  place.  She  was  a  woman 
of  strong  character. 

There  was  great  excitement  before  Kamehameha  III 
publicly  took  charge.  Those  on  the  side  of  law  and  order 
were  afraid  that  his  bad  companions  would  influence  him 
to  put  aside  Kinau  and  have  Liliha  for  queen  regent. 
Liliha's  friends  were  sure  that  she  would  be  chosen. 

Thousands  came  to  the  assembly,  which  was  held  in  the 
open  air.  As  Kinau  passed  the  king  she  said,  "We  can- 
not war  with  the  word  of  God  between  us."  The  king 
made  his  speech.  This  was  followed  by  a  profound  silence. 
Then  he  surprised  his  past  favorites  by  appointing  Kinau 
to  continue  as  regent.  When  asked  why,  he  said,  "  Very 
strong  is  the  kingdom  of  God." 

This  meant  that  he  wanted  to  break  away  from  his  bad 
habits.  He  did  not  change  at  once,  but  little  by  little  he 
gave  up  his  dissipations  and  used  all  his  influence  to  help 
his  country.  We  shall  soon  see  that  the  country  needed 
help,  and  that  those  were  troublous  days. 

Ill 

Before  we  take  up  the  government  of  those  times  let 
us  see  what  education  the  people  were  receiving. 

The  natives  of  long  ago  had  no  written  language,  and 
the  writing  of  foreigners  seemed  like  magic  to  them. 
Kamehameha  I  was  puzzled  by  it.  One  day  a  captain  told 
Kamehameha  that  he  could  make  marks  upon  a  slate 
which  would  tell  his  mate  to  send  his  handkerchief.  The 


KAMEHAMEHA  III  145 

slate  was  sent,  and  soon  the  servant  returned  with  the 
handkerchief.  Kamehameha  looked  closely  at  the  slate 
and  the  handkerchief,  and  felt  of  them.  He  could  see  no 
connection. 

Kamehameha  never  learned  to  write,  but  his  son  Liho- 
liho  learned  from  the  missionaries  soon  after  their  arrival. 
While  the  missionaries  were  teaching  the  chiefs  to  read 
and  write  in  English,  they  were  also  studying  the  native 
language  and  reducing  it  to  a  written  form. 

The  alphabet  consists  of  twelve  letters, —  the  vowels 
a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  and  the  consonants  h,  k,  I,  m,  n,  p,  w.  Some- 
times t  was  used  for  k  (tapa  or  kapa),  r  for  /  (Honoruru 
for  Honolulu),  or  v  for  w  (Vaititi  for  Waikiki).  Every 
word  and  every  syllable  ends  in  a  vowel,  and  every  letter 
is  sounded, —  a  as  in  father,  e  as  in  they,  i  as  in  machine, 
o  as  in  pole,  and  u  as  in  rule.  Ai  when  a  diphthong  has 
the  sound  of  i  in  ice,  and  au  as  on  in  out.  The  accent 
is  almost  always  on  the  penult,  or  the  syllable  next  to 
the  last. 

The  first  spelling  book  was  printed  in  January,  1822. 
The  king  and  high  chiefs  showed  much  interest  in  the 
new  art,  and  Keeaumoku  1 1  helped  print  the  first  sheets. 
As  fast  as  possible  textbooks,  the  Bible,  and  hymns  were 
printed  in  the  native  language. 

At  first  the  schools  were  made  up  of  grown  people, 
especially  those  of  high  rank.  They  were  enthusiastic 
over  the  new  art,  and  as  soon  as  one  learned  to  read  and 
write  he  was  sent  to  some  remote  district  to  teach  the 
people  there.  Books  were  few,  but  memories  were  good, 


146       OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

and  pupils  would  sometimes  teach  one  another  by  using 
wet  sand  or  smooth  stones,  or  even  banana  leaves,  for 
tablets. 

At  the  end  of  ten  years,  schools  were  opened  for  na- 
tive children,  and  little  by  little  these  schools  took  the 
place  of  those  for  adults. 

Many  of  the  present  boarding  schools  were  founded  in 
those  early  days.  The  first  one  was  Lahaina-luna  Semi- 
nary for  boys,  started  by  Lorrin  Andrews  in  1831  on  Maui. 
The  boys  had  to  put  up  their  own  buildings,  and  they 
farmed  upon  land  given  them  by  the  chiefs.  Their  print 
shop  sent  out  the  first  newspaper  in  the  native  language. 
It  was  called  the  Lama  Hawaii  (the  "  Light  of  Hawaii  "). 
Many  textbooks  were  printed  there.  The  school  has 
grown  since  then,  and  each  month  Hawaii  s  Young  People 
comes  from  its  press  to  gladden  the  hearts  of  the  school 
children  of  Hawaii. 

Soon  after  this  a  school  was  started  in  Honolulu  by 
foreigners.  This  was  the  Oahu  Charity  School  for 
English-speaking  children,  and  it  was  the  beginning  of 
what  afterwards  grew  into  the  McKinley  High  School, 
Honolulu. 

In  1837  a  girls'  boarding  school  was  started  at  \Yailuku 
on  Maui.  In  this  industrial  school  the  girls  were  taught 
the  usual  studies,  housework,  and  spinning,  weaving,  and 
sewing.  In  one  year  they  wove  over  five  hundred  yards 
of  cloth.  Cotton  was  planted,  but  the  work  of  making 
cotton  cloth  failed  because  machine-made  cotton  was 
brought  in  and  sold  at  low  prices.  Maunaolu  Seminary 


KAMEHAMEHA  III  147 

is  the  outgrowth  of  this  school,  which  changed  its  loca- 
tion several  times  and  is  now  in  the  Makawao  district  on 
the  slopes  of  Haleakala. 

In  the  same  year  the  Hilo  Boarding  School  was  started 
on  the  island  of  Hawaii  by  Mr.  Lyman,  the  grandfather 
of  the  present  principal.  It  is  a  well-organized  manual- 
training  school,  and  was  used  as  a  model  by  General  Arm- 
strong when  he  founded  Hampton  Institute  in  Virginia. 

Three  years  later  the  Royal  School  was  started.  It 
was  a  boarding  school  for  the  children  of  the  chiefs,  who 
could  not  attend  a  school  with  ordinary  children.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Cook,  missionaries,  had  charge  of  the  school, 
which  lasted  for  eleven  years.  There  all  the  future  rulers 
studied  and  played  together.  When  public  schools  were 
started  this  one  was  the  beginning  of  the  present  Royal 
School  on  Emma  Street,  Honolulu. 

Long  before  this  time  Boki,  a  high  chief  under  Kame- 
hameha  II,  had  given  Hiram  Bingham  a  tract  of  land  at 
the  entrance  of  Manoa  Valley.  When  the  missionaries 
wished  to  have  a  school  for  their  children,  Mr.  Bingham 
presented  this  land  to  them,  and  the  school  was  named 
Punahou,  meaning  "  new  spring."  This  institution  later 
became  Oahu  College.  A  few  years  ago  a  monument  was 
erected  on  the  grounds  in  memory  of  Hiram  Bingham. 

The  school  system  has  been  growing  ever  since  those 
early  days.  There  are  now  about  sixty  private  schools 
and  one  hundred  fifty-six  public  schools,  all  teaching 
the  English  language.  The  schools  are  up-to-date,  and 
compare  well  with  those  in  other  places. 


148       OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

IV 

Let  us  see  what  work  the  people  did  when  Kamehameha 
III  was  living.  You  remember  that  Kamehameha  I  en- 
couraged foreigners  to  teach  his  people  new  trades  and 
to  bring  in  new  plants. 

At  the  time  of  Kamehameha  III  the  people  had  changed 
their  way  of  living,  and  desired  better  homes,  more  fur- 
niture, more  kinds  of  food,  and  foreign  clothes.  The  result 
was  more  carpenters,  tailors,  hat  makers,  etc. 

The  missionaries  taught  the  natives  to  work  with  their 
hands,  to  farm  and  to  sew,  as  well  as  to  pray  to  God. 
They  and  others  tried  raising  cotton,  indigo,  potatoes, 
and  different  fruits,  but  none  of  these  proved  a  great 
success.  Even  sugar  cane,  a  native  plant,  was  not  largely 
cultivated  until  years  later,  when  the  United  States  ad- 
mitted Hawaiian  sugar  free  from  duty. 

Cattle  had  increased  in  numbers  and  began  to  be  used 
as  beasts  of  burden.  Instead  of  walking,  people  traveled 
from  place  to  place  on  horseback.  They  domesticated 
cows  and  goats,  and  used  milk  to  drink.  Herds  of  cattle 
were  raised,  and  hides  became  an  article  of  export. 

You  remember  that  when  Kamehameha  I  was  king  the 
chief  article  of  export  was  sandalwood.  This  trade  took 
many  men  from  their  farms  and  from  their  fishing,  and 
thus  hurt  the  country.  It  was  when  sandalwood  became 
scarce  that  Boki  went  to  the  South  Seas  in  search  of  more. 

Whaling  ships  made  a  point  of  stopping  at  the  islands 
for  supplies  and  repairs.  The  business  reached  its  height 


KAMEHAMEHA  III 


149 


during  this  period,  and  the  ports  were  often  crowded  with 
ships.  Warehouses  were  built  in  which  to  store  the  bone 
and  oil  before  these  were  shipped  to  other  countries. 

Foreigners  had  started  an  agricultural  society  and  had 
built  a  steam  flour  mill,  a  machine  shop,  and  a  foundry. 

One  of  the  exports  of  that  time  was  pulu,  the  yellow 
fiber  of  the  fern,  used  for  making  mattresses  and  pillows. 


Before  we  come  to  the  public  events  of  Kamehameha 
Ill's  reign  let  us  take  a  few  moments  to  learn  the  mean- 
ing of  the  different 
parts  of  the  Hawai- 
ian coat  of  arms. 
It  was  designed  by 
Haalilio,  who  was 
the  king's  private 
secretary,  and  the 
drawings  were  made 
from  the  real  arti- 
cles which  Kalanio- 
puu  had  given  to 
Captain  Cook  years 
before. 

You  are  all  famil- 
iar with  the  coat  of  arms,  but  I  wonder  how  many  boys  and 
girls  know  its  meaning.    It  is  divided  into  quarters.    The 
first  and  fourth  quarters  of  the  shield  contain  the  eight  red, 
white,  and  blue  stripes  which  represent  the  inhabited  islands. 


THE  HAWAIIAN  COAT  OF  ARMS 


150       OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

Upon  the  yellow  background  of  the  second  and  third 
quarters  are  the  puloulou,  or  tabu  sticks,  —  white  balls 
with  black  staffs.  These  were  a  sign  of  protection,  as  well 
as  of  tabu. 

Now  look  closely  at  the  center  and  you  will  find  a 
triangular  flag,  the  puela,  lying  across  two  alia,  or  spears. 
This  also  was  a  sign  of  tabu  and  protection. 

The  background  represents  a  mantle  or  military  cloak 
of  royalty.  At  the  sides  are  the  supporters  in  feather 
cloaks  and  helmets.  Kameeiamoku  on  the  right  carries  an 
the,  or  spear,  while  Kamanawa,  his  twin  brother,  on  the 
left,  holds  a  kahili,  or  staff  used  only  upon  state  occasions. 

Above  the  shield  is  the  crown,  ornamented  with  twelve 
taro  leaves.  Below  is  the  national  motto  taken  from  the 
speech  of  the  king  upon  Restoration  Day,  "The  life  of 
the  land  is  perpetuated  by  righteousness." 

The  coat  of  arms  has  not  been  used  by  the  government 
since  the  islands  have  been  a  territory  of  the  United 
States,  but  it  is  before  our  eyes  continually  upon  pins  and 
other  bits  of  jewelry,  and  it  makes  a  handsome  ornament. 

VI 

Now  let  us  return  to  the  time  when  Kamehameha  III 
began  to  rule  for  himself  and  chose  Kinau  for  his  premier. 
There  was  a  class  of  people  then  who  did  not  like  the 
churches  and  schools,  and  who  preferred  drinking  and 
gambling.  These  people  were  the  friends  of  Liliha  and 
Mr.  Charlton,the  British  consul.  They  tried  to  influence 
the  king  against  the  missionaries. 


KAMEHAMEHA  III  151 

Mr.  Charlton  made  trouble  by  claiming  a  large  tract  of 
land  which  he  said  the  king  had  given  to  him.  The  king 
declared  that  he  had  never  given  away  the  land,  as  it  be- 
longed to  the  children  of  a  chief  and  was  not  his  to  give. 
In  the  meantime  many  people  had  built  upon  the  land, 
and  the  king  would  not  let  Charlton  drive  them  from 
their  homes.  Charlton  did  other  unjust  things,  which  led 
the  chiefs  to  complain  to  the  British  government. 

At  about  the  same  time  trouble  was  brewing  with 
France.  Years  before,  when  Kaahumanu  was  regent,  two 
Catholic  priests  came  from  that  country  to  teach  their 
religion.  Kaahumanu  watched  them  closely,  and  to  her 
their  religion  seemed  like  the  worship  of  idols.  She  dis- 
liked the  days  of  fasting,  which  seemed  to  her  like  tabu 
days.  Boki  was  governor  of  Oahu  at  that  time,  and  she 
had  him  forbid  her  people  to  follow  the  Catholic  religion 
and  to  punish  those  who  would  not  obey. 

The  high  chiefs  held  a  council  deciding  to  send  the 
priests  away.  A  ship  was  fitted  out  which  took  them 
to  California,  where  they  were  of  help  in  the  missions 
among  the  Indians.  The  priests  were  Father  Bachelot 
and  Father  Short. 

After  six  years  these  same  priests  returned  on  a  British 
ship.  The  chiefs  tried  to  keep  them  from  landing,  but 
finally  permitted  them  to  do  so  on  condition  that  they 
would  not  preach,  and  would  leave  as  soon  as  they  had 
an  opportunity.  Mr.  Charlton  sided  with  the  priests,  and 
this  controversy  caused  trouble  with  France  and  Eng- 
land. Kinau,  who  was  regent  at  the  time,  persecuted  the 


152        OLD-TIME  HAWAII ANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

Catholic  natives,  making  them  work  on  the  roads  and 
even  imprisoning  some  of  them. 

The  persecution  was  soon  over,  but  the  trouble  which 
it  caused  with  France  had  only  begun.  A  French  ship 
came  into  port,  and  the  captain  made  the  king  agree 
that  the  Catholic  religion  should  be  allowed,  and  that 
land  should  be  given  for  the  building  of  a  church.  Not 
only  was  the  captain  insolent  in  his  manner,  but  he  made 
the  king  promise  that  Frenchmen  should  be  tried  only  by 
a  foreign  jury,  and  that  France  might  import  wines  and 
brandy  without  a  duty  higher  than  five  per  cent.  He  in- 
tended to  take  the  islands  for  France  if  the  king  refused. 

The  Catholics  began  at  once  to  build  their  church 
where  their  cathedral  now  stands,  upon  Fort  Street. 
Father  Bachelot  will  always  be  gratefully  remembered 
for  planting  the  first  kiawe,  or  algaroba  tree.  This  he 
brought  from  California,  and  its  stump  is  still  standing. 

The  king  decided  that  it  was  best  to  send  representatives 
to  explain  matters  to  the  countries  whose  citizens  were 
making  trouble.  So  Mr.  Richards,  an  American,  together 
with  the  secretary,  Haalilio,  and  a  friendly  Englishman, 
were  sent  to  get  the  protection  of  other  countries.  The 
United  States  promised  that  they  would  protect  the 
islands  if  Charlton  tried  to  take  them  as  he  had  threat- 
ened. The  queen  of  England  declared  that  she  had  no 
intention  of  taking  the  islands.  The  French  government 
was  not  so  friendly. 

Charlton  left  the  islands  as  soon  as  he  learned  why 
the  others  had  gone,  so  that  he  could  tell  of  his  wrongs. 


KAMEHAMEHA  III  153 

In  Mexico  he  met  Lord  Paulet,  commanding  H.M.S. 
Carysfort,  and  informed  him  that  his  countrymen  were 
in  danger.  In  consequence  of  this  and  other  informa- 
tion Lord  Paulet  was  sent  to  inquire  into  the  situation. 

Lord  Paulet  did  not  try  to  find  out  the  truth  of  the 
matter,  and  was  not  respectful  to  the  king.  He  made  so 
many  demands  that  at  last  the  king  said :  "  I  will  not  die 
piecemeal ;  they  may  cut  off  my  head  at  once.  Let  them 
take  what  they  please;  I  will  give  no  more."  Dr.  G.  P. 
Jucld  was  his  adviser  on  foreign  affairs,  and  knew  that 
the  king  had  not  enough  guns  and  soldiers  to  protect  the 
islands ;  so,  feeling  that  the  queen  of  England  would  see 
how  unjust  Lord  Paulet  had  been,  he  advised  the  king  to 
give  up  the  islands  until  word  should  come  from  England. 

It  was  a  sad  time.  The  British  flag  was  raised,  but 
otherwise  the  government  went  on  about  as  it  had 
before.  Letters  were  sent  to  Queen  Victoria,  and  also 
to  Admiral  Thomas,  who  commanded  the  British  fleet 
in  the  Pacific. 

Five  months  passed  before  an  answer  came.  Then 
the  admiral's  flagship  sailed  into  port.  Thomas  saw  that 
the  native  government  had  been  unjustly  treated,  and  he 
granted  the  Hawaiians  their  independence  again.  The 
welcome  news  spread  like  wildfire. 

July  31,  1843,  was  chosen  for  Restoration  Day.  Thou- 
sands assembled  in  the  open  space  east  of  Honolulu,  which 
has  since  been  called  Thomas  Square  in  memory  of  that 
day.  Two  pavilions  were  built.  The  king  arrived  in  state 
with  his  native  troops.  The  sailors  from  the  three  British 


154       OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

ships  then  in  port  were  in  line,  with  the  cannon  at  their 
right.  As  the  Hawaiian  flag  was  raised  the  English 
saluted  with  twenty-one  guns.  Then  the  king  was  es- 
corted to  his  home,  and  the  natives  who  had  allowed 
Lord  Paulet  to  enlist  and  drill  them  as  the  "Queen's 
Regiment  "  asked  the  king's  pardon. 

Later  in  the  day  the  king  made  a  speech  in  Kawaiahao 
Church.  You  will  remember  that  the  national  motto  was 
taken  from  this  speech. 

Admiral  Thomas  was  a  true  friend  of  Hawaii.  He 
stayed  to  receive  news  that  the  queen  approved  of  what 
he  had  done,  and  during  that  time  he  helped  the  king 
to  settle  his  affairs.  Like  his  countrymen,  Vancouver 
and  Byron,  he  is  gratefully  remembered  by  the  natives 
of  Hawaii. 

VII 

Kamehameha  had  already  seen  that  it  was  time  for  his 
people  to  have  more  power,  and  had  sent  to  the  United 
States  for  a  lawyer;  but  as  none  came,  Mr.  Richards  was 
chosen  to  help  change  the  government. 

First  came  the  Bill  of  Rights.  Before  this  time  the 
king  owned  all  the  land,  and  no  one  could  buy  it.  This 
bill  gave  natives  the  right  to  hold  land  in  fee  simple.  All 
the  land  was  divided  so  that  the  king  kept  one  third, 
another  third  went  to  the  chiefs,  and  the  remaining  third 
was  divided  among  the  common  people.  The  king  kept 
half  of  his  as  crown  lands  and  gave  the  other  half  to  the 
government.  As  far  as  possible  the  land  for  the  people 


KAMEHAMEHA  III  155 

was  so  divided  that  each  person  got  the  land  that  he  was 
living  on.  The  effect  was  felt  at  once :  people  became 
more  interested  in  their  farms,  and  trade  increased.  Later 
on,  foreigners  were  also  allowed  to  own  land. 

Next  came  the  written  constitution.  Up  to  this  time 
there  had  been  no  written  laws.  The  king,  the  premier, 
and  the  four  governors  had  ruled  the  people  as  they 
thought  best.  Kamehameha  III  had  the  wisest  men 
frame  a  constitution  in  the  native  language.  The  gov- 
ernment was  divided  into  three  parts,  as  is  the  govern- 
ment of  to-day. 

The  king,  the  premier,  and  the  four  governors  saw 
that  the  laws  were  obeyed. 

The  lawmakers  were  fifteen  nobles,  and  seven  other 
men  chosen  by  the  people. 

The  four  judges  were  chosen  by  the  lawmakers,  who 
formed  the  legislature.  These  four,  with  the  king  and 
the  premier,  composed  the  Supreme  Court  and  explained 
the  laws. 

This  constitution  was  framed  in  1840.  About  ten  years 
later  a  better  constitution  was  adopted.  The  legislature 
was  to  meet  in  two  houses.  The  nobles  were  to  be 
chosen  by  the  king  for  life,  and  were  not  to  be  more 
than  thirty  in  number.  There  were  to  be  not  less  than 
twenty-four  representatives,  who  were  to  be  elected  by 
the  people. 

The  law  courts  were  different.  The  highest,  or  Su- 
preme Court,  had  three  members,  —  a  chief  justice  and 
two  associate  justices.  There  were  four  circuit,  or  lower 


156        OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

courts,  and  besides  the  judges  for  these,  there  was  in  each 
district  a  judge  to  settle  petty  cases. 

If  you  compare  these  two  constitutions  with  that  of  the 
country  now,  or  with  that  of  the  United  States,  you  will 
see  that  the  second  constitution  was  more  liberal  and  far 
better  than  the  first. 

About  1843  France,  England,  and  the  United  States 
recognized  the  islands  as  a  civilized,  independent  country. 

VIII 

Kamehameha's  reign  lasted  about  thirty  years.  When 
he  died,  after  a  brief  illness,  he  was  deeply  mourned, 
and  his  funeral  was  the  most  impressive  ever  seen  in 
Honolulu. 

Kamehameha  III  is  ranked  by  some  as  the  third 
greatest  character  in  Hawaiian  history.  During  all  the 
troubles  of  his  reign,  and  there  were  more  than  have  been 
mentioned,  he  showed  himself  a  true  friend  of  his  people. 
His  interests  were  their  interests.  His  aim  to  secure  their 
recognition  as  a  civilized  country  was  accomplished  after 
he  had  granted  them  a  written  constitution,  and  had  given 
them  the  Bill  of  Rights,  —  the  Hawaiian  Magna  Charta. 

REVIEW 

When  and  where  was  Kauikeaouli,  afterward  Kamehameha  III,  born  ? 
Who  were  his  parents  ?  What  does  his  name  mean  ?  How  did  he  take 
part  in  the  abolition  of  the  tabus?  When  did  he  become  king?  What 
present  did  Lord  Byron  bring  him  ?  Who  were  the  rulers  while  the  king 
was  still  a  boy  ?  Who  were  his  guardians  ?  What  was  Boki's  character  ? 


KAMEHAMEHA  III  157 

Tell  of  his  search  for  sandalwood.  Who  was  Liliha  ?  Tell  of  her  rebellion. 
What  was  the  result  ?  Who  were  the  companions  of  the  young  king  ? 

Who  was  queen  regent  when  Kamehameha  III  became  of  age  to  rule  ? 
Whom  did  people  expect  him  to  choose  for  premier  ?  Describe  the  assem- 
bly, and  tell  who  was  chosen.  What  change  took  place  in  the  king  ? 

Tell  the  story  which  shows  what  a  mystery  writing  was  to  Kameha- 
meha I.  Who  were  the  first  pupils  of  the  missionaries  ?  How  many  letters 
are  there  in  the  native  language  ?  Tell  the  few  general  rules  of  pronuncia- 
tion. Who  made  a  written  language  for  the  natives  ?  When  was  the  first 
printing  ?  What  were  some  of  the  books  printed  ?  Tell  how  the  first 
schools  were  run.  When  did  regular  education  for  children  begin  ?  When 
and  where  was  Lahaina-luna  Seminary  started  ?  Tell  of  the  beginnings  of 
the  school.  What  was  the  first  newspaper  in  the  islands  ?  What  monthly 
comes  from  its  press  at  the  present  time  ?  What  school  afterwards  grew 
into  the  McKinley  High  School  ?  Describe  the  Wailuku  Boarding  School 
and  tell  what  the  girls  learned  to  do.  What  school  is  an  outgrowth  of 
that  school  ?  When  and  by  whom  was  the  Hilo  Boarding  School  started  ? 
Who  used  it  as  a  model  in  founding  a  famous  school  in  Virginia  ?  De- 
scribe the  Royal  School.  What  school  is  the  outgrowth  of  that  one  ? 
How  was  Punahou  started  ?  Why  was  a  monument  erected  to  Hiram 
Bingham  ?  How  many  schools  are  there  at  the  present  time  ? 

What  new  needs  had  arisen  since  the  natives  had  learned  foreign  ways 
of  living  ?  What  were  some  of  the  things  the  missionaries  taught  ?  What 
were  some  of  the  experiments  that  failed  ?  When  did  the  culture  of  sugar 
become  a  success  ?  In  what  ways  did  natives  use  cattle  and  horses  ?  Why 
had  the  trade  in  sandalwood  died  out  ?  Describe  the  whaling  business. 
How  did  the  islands  profit  by  it  ?  What  business  improvements  did  for- 
eigners make  ?  What  export  was  used  for  making  mattresses  and  pillows  ? 
Find  some  pulu  and  see  if  it  is  good  for  that  purpose. 

Who  designed  the  coat  of  arms  ?  What  were  the  drawings  made  from  ? 
Describe  the  first  and  fourth  quarters  and  tell  the  meaning.  Describe  the 
second  and  third  quarters.  Wrhat  were  the  tabu  sticks  ?  Tell  what  is  in 
the  center ;  what  is  its  significance  ?  Describe  the  background.  What  is 
above  the  shield  ?  what  below  ?  What  chiefs  are  represented  in  the 


158       OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

supporters  ?  When  was  the  coat  of  arms  used  by  the  government  ?  Look 
in  the  dictionary  at  the  coats  of  arms  of  other  nations  and  compare 
them  with  the  Hawaiian. 

Who  were  the  people  that  tried  to  influence  the  king  against  the  mis- 
sionaries ?  How  did  Mr.  Charlton  make  trouble  ?  Tell  how  the  first  Cath- 
olics were  persecuted.  Why?  Can  you  tell  of  any  other  time  in  the 
world's  history  when  people  were  persecuted  for  worshiping  God  in  their 
own  way  ?  Name  the  two  priests  and  tell  of  their  banishment.  What  was 
the  result  of  their  return  ?  How  did  the  persecution  which  followed  make 
trouble  with  foreign  countries?  What  demands  did  a  French  captain 
make  and  in  what  manner  ?  Tell  of  the  beginnings  of  the  Catholic  mis- 
sion. Who  brought  the  first  kiawe,  or  algaroba  tree  ?  Who  were  sent  to 
the  United  States,  England,  and  France,  and  what  was  their  errand  ? 
How  were  they  received  in  each  of  the  countries  ?  What  did  Mr.  Charl- 
ton do  as  soon  as  he  learned  why  they  had  gone  ?  Tell  how  Lord  Paulet 
came  and  took  the  islands  for  England.  Why  did  the  king  consent  ? 
Where  were  letters  sent  ?  What  was  the  answer,  and  how  long  before  it 
came?  When  was  Restoration  Day?  Describe  the  scene  at  Thomas 
Square.  What  natives  begged  the  king's  pardon,  and  for  what  ?  What 
concluded  the  ceremonies  of  the  day  ?  Why  is  Admiral  Thomas  grate- 
fully remembered  ? 

Why  did  Kamehameha  plan  to  change  the  government  ?  What  was 
the  Bill  of  Rights  ?  How  was  the  land  divided  ?  How  was  the  effect  felt 
at  once  ?  What  had  taken  the  place  of  a  written  constitution  ?  Why  is  it 
better  to  have  the  laws  written  ?  Into  how  many  departments  was  the 
government  divided  ?  What  was  the  executive  ?  the  legislative  ?  the  judi- 
ciary ?  How  was  the  government  changed  later  ?  How  was  the  legislature 
to  meet  ?  How  were  the  law  courts  changed  ?  Compare  this  constitution 
with  that  of  the  United  States.  What  countries  recognized  the  Hawaiian 
government  as  civilized  and  independent  ? 

How  long  did  Kamehameha  III  rule  ?  Tell  why  the  people  loved  him 
and  how  he  showed  that  he  was  their  friend. 


BERNICE  PAUAHI  BISHOP,  THE  PRINCESS  WHO 
MIGHT  HAVE  BEEN  QUEEN 

Bernice  Pauahi  was  the  daughter  of  the  high  chief 
Paki  and  the  high  chieftainess  Konia.  She  was  born  on 
December  19,  1831,  and  was  named  Pauahi  after  one 
of  the  wives  of  Liholiho.  The  name  means  "the  fire  is 
out,"  and  was  given  to  that  queen  because  she  had  once 
been  saved  from  burning  to  death. 

Bernice  was  adopted  by  Kinau,  who  had  no  daughters 
of  her  own.  When  the  Princess  Victoria  was  born  to 
Kinau  she  returned  Bernice  to  her  parents. 

The  Royal  School  was  started  when  Bernice  was  eight 
years  of  age.  The  child  was  sent  there  and  remained  in 
the  school  until  she  was  married. 

At  this  school  she  played  and  studied  with  future 
kings  and  queens.  She  was  fond  of  music,  and  at  the 
age  of  ten  she  could  play  well  upon  the  piano.  She  was 
a  good  student,  and  was  fond  of  taking  part  in  all  the 
little  private  plays  which  were  given.  Her  foster  sister, 
Queen  Liliuokalani,  says  of  her,  "She  was  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  girls  I  ever  saw;  the  vision  of  her  love- 
liness can  never  be  effaced  from  remembrance." 

When  Bernice  was  nineteen  years  old  she  married 
an  American,  the  Honorable  Charles  R.  Bishop,  who  was 
collector  of  customs  in  Honolulu  at  that  time.  Her  mar- 
ried life  was  a  happy  one.  With  the  exception  of  several 

159 


160       OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 

trips  to  the  United  States  and  one  to  Europe,  she  lived 
quietly  at  home  in  a  house  built  by  her  father. 

Mrs.  Bishop  shunned  a  public  life.  When  Kameha- 
meha  V  was  on  his  deathbed  he  was  asked  to  name  a 
successor.  He  turned  to  Mrs.  Bishop  and  said,  "  I  want 
you  to  take  my  place."  She  refused,  saying  that  her 
nation  did  not  need  her. 

Perhaps  she  felt  that  she  could  help  her  race  in  a  more 
quiet  way.  She  led  a  busy  life,  and  used  her  ability, 
her  wealth,  and  her  social  advantages  to  help  others. 
Many  a  sick  person  found  her  at  his  bedside;  many  a 
young  Hawaiian  girl  was  helped  to  get  an  education 
through  her  generosity.  She  understood  not  only  her 
own  race  but  also  foreigners,  and  she  used  her  influ- 
ence to  help  them  to  understand  each  other. 

The  year  before  her  death  she  came  into  a  large  for- 
tune left  by  her  cousin,  Princess  Ruth  Keelikolani,  and 
in  her  will  provided  for  the  founding  of  the  Kamehameha 
Schools  for  the  education  of  the  boys  and  girls  of  her 
own  race.  Thus  her  influence  for  good  will  never  die. 

The  following  song  was  written  in  her  memory : 

PAUAHI   KEALIl 

"  Blest  type  of  womanhood, 
So  true,  so  pure,  so  good, 
Thy  praise  we  sing ; 
For  bounteous  gifts  and  free. 
In  all  around  we  see, 
Of  what  God  gave  to  thee, 
Full  hearts  we  bring. 


BERNICE  PAUAHI   BISHOP  l6l 

"  Ever  thy  spirit  dear, 
Dwell  in  thy  people  here 
Thou  lov'dst  so  well. 
Ever  thy  influence  grand, 
In  youth  of  this  bright  land, 
A  joyous,  loving  band  — 
Most  richly  dwell." 

REVIEW 

Who  were  the  parents  of  Bernice  Pauahi  ?  When  was  she  born  ? 
What  is  the  meaning  of  her  name  ?  Who  adopted  her  at  birth  ?  Why 
was  she  returned  to  her  parents  ?  What  school  did  she  attend  ?  Tell 
about  her  school  life. 

Whom  did  she  marry?  What  countries  did  she  visit?  Where  was 
most  of  her  life  spent  ?  Why  is  she  "  the  princess  who  might  have  been 
queen  "  ?  In  what  ways  did  she  make  her  influence  felt  ?  How  were 
the  Kamehameha  Schools  started  ?  What  does  the  song  tell  about  her 
character  ? 


There  are  cruel  things  in  the  life  of  the  past  which  we 
are  glad  to  forget,  but  this  is  true  of  every  nation.  In 
spite  of  these  things  the  Hawaiian  of  to-day  has  many 
reasons  to  be  proud  of  his  ancestors. 

Their  knowledge  of  the  sea  was  wonderful.  The  early 
voyages  of  thousands  of  miles  compare  favorably  with 
those  of  the  Norsemen.  They  were  skillful  fishermen, 
and  their  equipment  then  was  as  complete  as  one  at 
the  present  time.. 

Results  of  their  industry  are  seen  in  the  featherwork 
and  tapa.  Each  of  these  beautiful  pieces  required  many 
hours  of  careful  work. 

The  old  ie-ie  baskets  are  as  beautiful  in  workmanship 
as  the  Indian  baskets.  Notice  the  decorated  gourds  and 


162 


ALOHA  OE  163 

the  polished  calabashes.    Could  any  of  us  have  done  so 
well  with  the  crude  tools  which  they  had  ? 

No  doubt  you  can  name  many  more  things  in  the  past 
life  which  are  worth  remembering,  but  this  list  will  show 
you  that  the  Hawaiian  of  long  ago  was  not  afraid  of 
hard  work.  For  this  reason  he  had  the  joy  of  creating 
beautiful  things. 


GLOSSARY 


In  the  Hawaiian  tongue  every  letter  is  sounded,  —  a  as  in  father,  e  as  in  they,  i  as  in  ma- 
chine, o  as  in  pole,  and  it  as  in  rule,  —  but  frequently  the  vowel  combinations  are  spoken  so 
quickly  that  they  give  the  effect  of  one  sound.  Thus  in  many  words  ai  has  the  sound  of  /in 
ice,  and  an  of  on  in  out.  The  accent  is  usually  on  the  penult,  or  the  syllable  next  to  the  last. 


a'ha  a  li'i :  a  secret  society  of  chiefs 

a'ha  ke'a :  a  tree  having  yellow  wood 

a 'ho :  a  cord 

a  hu'a :  heaps  or  piles 

a  ka  ka'ne  :    a    song   bird   whose   red 

feathers   were    used    in    capes    and 

helmets 

a'ku  :  the  bonito,  a  fish 
a  la'e :   a  bird  with  a  red  skin  on  the 

upper  part  of  its  bill  (p.  37) 
A  la  pa'i :  a  king  of  Hawaii  about  1736 
a  li'a :  two  sticks  carried  by  a  person 

before  the  god  of  the  year 
a  li'i :  a  chief 

a  li'i  ka'pu :  the  highest  chief 
A  lo'ha  o'e  :  Farewell-to  you 
a'ma :  the  longitudinal  stick  of  the  out- 
rigger of  a  canoe 
a'ma-a'ma :  a  fish 
a'pe :  a  plant  with  broad  leaves,  acrid 

to  the  taste,  like  taro,  only  more  so 
a'wa:   a  plant  of  a  bitter,  acrid  taste, 

from  which  an  intoxicating  drink  is 

made 
Bo'ki :  a  high  chief  under  Kamehameha 

II  and  at  one  time  governor  of  Oahu 
e  le  pai'o :  the  native  woodpecker 
Ha  a  li  li'o :  private  secretary  of  Kame- 
hameha III 

Ha  ka'u :  a  son  of  Liloa 
ha  la :    the    pandanus,   a    tree   whose 

leaves    are    used   for    basketry   and 

mat  weaving 

Ha  la'wa :  a  village  on  Hawaii 
Ha  le  a  ka  la' :  extinct  volcano  on  Maui 
Hale-o-Ke  a'we:    a  burial  house  for 

chiefs 


Ha  ma  ku'a :  a  village  on  Hawaii 

Ha'na  :  a  village  on  Hawaii 

Ha  na  le'i :  a  valley  on  Kauai 

ha'u :  a  tree  whose  wood  is  light  in 
weight 

Ha  wai'i :  the  largest  of  the  Hawaiian 
Islands 

Ha  wai'i-lo'a :  the  traditional  discov- 
erer of  the  Hawaiian  Islands 

he'i :  "  cat's  cradle,"  a  game 

hei  a'u :  a  temple  for  the  worship  of  one 
or  more  gods  (p.  80) 

He'wa  he'wa :  a  high  priest 

hi  ki  e'e  :  a  raised  platform  for  sleeping 

Hi'lo  :  a  city  on  Hawaii 

Ho  a  pili :  father  of  Liliha 

ho'e :  to  row 

ho  ho'a :  a  mallet  for  beating  tapa 

ho  lu'a :  to  glide  down  hill  on  a  sled 

Ho  nau  na'u  :  a  village  on  Hawaii 

Ho  no  lu'lu  :  a  city  on  Oahu 

Hu  a  la  la'i :  a  mountain  on  Hawaii 

hu'la :  a  play  in  which  many  dance  and 
a  few  sing  or  drum 

huli :  taro  tops  for  planting 

hulu  ma'nu  :  bird  feathers 

i  a'ko :  the  arched  sticks  which  connect 
the  outrigger  to  the  canoe 

i'e-i'e  :  a  vine  used  in  making  baskets 
(pp.  27,  50) ;  also  used  in  personal 
decoration 

i'he  :  a  spear 

i  i'wi :  a  small,  red  bird 

i  li'ma :  a  shrub  with  green  and  yellow 
flowers 

i'mu  :  a  place  for  baking,  made  by  heat- 
ing stones  under  ground  (p.  40) 


1 66       OLD-TIME  HAWAII ANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 


i'O :  a  small  projection  of  wood  fastened 
at  the  tip  of  the  paddle  on  one  side 

ka'a :  the  string  that  fastens  the  fish- 
hook to  the  line 

Ka  a  hu  ma'nu :  a  daughter  of  Keeau- 
moku 

ka  e'ke  e'ke  :  a  kind  of  drum  made  of 
a  section  of  coconut  tree  (p.  21) 

Ka  e'O  :  a  king  of  Kauai 

Ka  ha  ha'na :  a  king  of  Oahu 

Ka  ha'i :  grandson  of  Moikehai 

Ka  he  kill :  a  king  of  Maui 

Ka  hi'ki :  a  strange  country 

ka  hill :  a  broom  of  coconut  midribs  ; 
also  a  flyflap  made  of  feathers  (pp.  61, 

77) 

Ka  ho  0  la'we :  one  of  the  Hawaiian 
Islands 

ka  hu'a :  a  level  track  for  playing  games 

ka  hu'na :  a  priest 

Kai  a'na :  a  chief  of  Kauai 

Kai  lu'a :  a  village  on  island  of  Hawaii 

Ka  i'po  :  brother  to  Keikiwai 

Ka  la  kau'a :  the  last  king  of  the  Hawai- 
ian Islands  (1874-1891) 

Ka  la'ni  ku  pule :  the  last  king  of  Oahu 

Ka  la'ni  mo'ku  :  prime  minister  in  the 
reigns  of  Kamehameha  I,  II,  and  III 

Ka  la'ni  o  pu'u  :  king  of  Hawaii  about 

1754 
Ka  lau  nu  i  o  hu'a  :  a  chief  of  Hawaii 

about  the  end  of  thirteenth  century 
Ka  la'u  pa'pa  :  a  village  on  Molokai 
Ka  le'i :  a  character  in  the  story  of 

Keikiwai 

Ka  lola :  grandmother  of  Keopuolani 
Ka  ma  malu :  a  wife  of  Liholiho 
Ka  ma  na'wa  :  a  chief  of  Hawaii,  twin 

brother  to  Kameeiauoku 
Ka  me  e  i  a  mo'ku :  a  chief  of  Hawaii, 

twin  brother  to  Kamanawa 
Ka  me 'ha  me'ha :    a  line  of  Hawaiian 

chiefs 

Ka'ne-huli-ko'a :  the  god  of  the  sea 
Ka  o  la'ni :  a  character  in  the  story  of 

Keikiwai 
Ka  o  pulu  pulu  :    a  priest  who  lived 

about  1773 
Ka  pi  o  la'ni :    a   daughter  of   Keawe- 

mauhili 


Ka  u':  a  village  on  Hawaii 

Kau  a'i :  one  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands 

Kau  i  ke  a  ouli :      Kamehameha     1 1 1 

(1825-1854) 
kau  ila :    a  species   of   hard,  reddish 

wood  resembling  mahogany 
Kau  mu  a  li'i :  a  chief  of  Kauai 
Kau  wi'ki :  a  fort  and  hill  on  Maui 
Ka  wai  a  ha'o :  a  church  in  Honolulu 
Ka  wa'i  ha'e :  a  place  on  Hawaii 
ke  a  ku'a :  deity 
Ke  a  la  ke  ku'a  :   a  bay  on  the  island 

of  Hawaii 
ke-a  li'i :  the  chief 
Ke  a'we-a-He  ulu :    a  chief  of  Konn, 

Hawaii 

Ke  a'we  mau  hi'li :  father  of  Kapiolani 
Ke  e  au  mo'ku  :   father  of  Kaahumanu 
Ke  e'i :  a  coast  village  on  Hawaii 
Ke  e  li  ko  la'ni :  a  half  sister  to  Pauahi 
Ke'ha :   a  village  chief  in  the  story  of 

Keikiwai 

ke  i'ki :  Hawaiian  word  meaning  child 
ke  i/ki  wa'i :  a  water  child 
Ke  opu  o  la'ni:  a  wife  of  Kamehameha  I 
Ke  ou'a  :  father  of  Kamehameha  I 
ki  a'we :  a  tree 
ki  he'i :  a  garment  worn  like  a  shawl 

by  both  men  and  women 
Ki  holo :  a  small  fishing  village 
Ki'la :  a  son  of  Moikeha 
Ki  lau  e'a  :  a  volcano  on  Hawaii 
Ki  na'u :  a  half  sister  of  Liholiho 
ki'O  ki'o :  a  musical  instrument  (p.  82) 
Kiwa  lao':  highest  chief  of  Maui(  1782) 
ko'a :  the  Hawaiian  mahogany 
Ko  ha'la :  district  and  village  on  Hawaii 
ko'ko  pu'u  pu'u:    cords    braided    for 

carrying  a  calabash  (p.  46) 
Ko'na :  a  district  in  Hawaii 
ko'na :  south 

ko  na'ne  :  a  game  like  checkers 
Ko  ni'a :  mother  of  Pauahi 
Ko  0  la'u :  a  range  of  mountains  on  Oahu 
Ku :  a  god  whom  the  people  feared 
Ku  a  ki'ni :  a  governor  of  Oahu,  brother 

of  Kaahumanu 

Ku  a  lo'a  :  a  small  village  on  Oahu 
ku  hi'na  nu'i:  the  highest  officer  next 
•  to  the  king 


GLOSSARY 


167 


Ku  kai  li  moTcu :  the  god  of  war 

ku  ku'i :  the  candle-nut  tree 

ku'la  :  dry,  inland  country 

ku  lolo :  a  pudding  made  of  taro  and 

coconut  or  of  breadfruit  and  coconut 
Ku  lo'u :  a  village  on  Hawaii 
ku  lo'u :  to  bend 
La'a  :  adopted  son  of  Moikeha 
La'a-mai-ka  hi'ki :  Laa  from  a  strange 

country 
la'au  lo'mi-lo'mi :  a  curved  stick  used 

for  rubbing  the  body  (p.  78) 
La  ha'i  na  :  a  village  on  Maui 
La'ka  :  the  goddess  of  dancing 
La 'ma :  the  light 

La  na'i :  one  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands 
la  na'i :  a  porch 
lau  hala :  leaf  of  the  hala  tree  (pp.  27, 

5°'  52'  75) 

Lau  hu'ki :  the  goddess  of  tapa  beaters 
Lau'pa'ho'e  ho'e :    a  coast  village   on 

Hawaii 
Le  hu'a :    a  character  in  the  story  of 

Keikiwai 
le  hu'a  :  a  flower 
le'i :  a  wreath ;  any  ornamental  dress 

for  the  head  or  neck  (pp.  59,  65) 
Le'ile  hu'a  :  a  character  in  the  story  of 

Keikiwai 

Li'ho  li'ho  :  Kamehameha  II 
Li  li'ha :  wife  of  Boki 
Li  li  u  o  ka  la'ni :  the  last  queen  of  the 

Hawaiian  Islands  (1891-1893) 
Li  lo'a  :  father  of  Umi 
lo'mi-lo'mi :    a  rubbing  down  of  the 

body 

Lo'no :  one  of  the  four  great  gods 
lua'u:  a  feast ;  also  Hawaiian  spinach 
lu'na :  a  person  who  is  over  others  in 

office  or  command 

Lu  na  li'lo :    grandnephew    of    Kame- 
hameha I 
ma'i  ka :  a  game 
ma'i  le  :  a  vine  with  odoriferous  leaves, 

of  which  leis  are  made 
ma  ka  lo'a:  a  sedge  (p.  51) 
Ma  ka  wa'o :  a  district  on  Maui 
malo :  loin  cloth  (p.  64) 
ma 'mo :  a  bird  much  valued  for  its  dark 

yellow  feathers 


Ma  no'a :  a  valley  on  Oahu 

Ma  nu  i'a :  a  character  in  the  story  of 

Keikiwai 

Mau'i :  one  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands 
Mau'na  Lo'a :  a  mountain  on  Hawaii 
Mau'na  o'lu :  a  seminary  on  Maui 
me'le :  a  song  or  chant 
Me'ne  hu'ne  :  a  fairy 
Moi  ke'ha  :  a  famous  chief 
Mo'ku-ha  li'i :  the  shark  god 
Mo  'ku  o  ha'i :  a  battle  ground  on  Hawaii 
Molo  ka'i :  one  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands 
mo'o :  a  general  name  for  all  kinds  of 

lizards  ;  also,  gunwale  of  canoe  (p.  31) 
Na  e  ole  :  a  chief 
Na  hi  e'na  e'na:  a  daughter  of  Keopuo- 

lani 

Nai'he  :  a  husband  of  Kapiolani 
ne'wa  :  a  weapon  (p.  88) 
no'ho :  to  sit 
no'ni :  a  kind  of  tree 
Ni'i  ha'u :  one  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands 
Nu'u  a'nu :  a  valley  on  Oahu 
0  a'hu:  one  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands 
0  boo  ki'ah  :  one  of  the  first  Hawaiian 

boys  to  be  educated  in  the  United 

States 
0  helo :    a  species  of  small  fruit  of  a 

reddish  color 
0  hi'a :   a  species  of  large  tree  whose 

wood  was  used  especially  for  making 

idols 

o  lona':  a  shrub 
O'-O :  a  bird  with  yellow  feathers  ;  also, 

a  tool  for  digging 
Pa  a'o :  a  Samoan  priest 
pa  he'e :  a  game ;  also,  a  weapon  (p.  90) 
pai'ai :  pounded  taro  root 
Paki':  father  of  Pauahi 
pa  la'o  a :  a  necklace  worn  by  those  of 

high  rank 

pa'li :  a  cliff  or  precipice 
pa'na  pa'na :  a  game 
Pa'pa  :  wife  of  Wakea 
pa'pa  ho  lu'a :  a  sled 
pa  pa  mu' :    the   board   on  which  the 

game  konane  was  played 
pa''u :  the  dress  worn  by  women 
Pau  a'hi :  daughter  of  high-chief  Paki 
Pele  :  the  volcano  goddess 


1 68       OLD-TIME  HAWAIIAN'S  AND  THEIR  WORK 


Pe  pe'e  ke'o :  a  village  on  Hawaii 

Pili :  a  Samoan  chief 

po'i :    the  chief  article  of  food,  made 

from  the  root  of  taro  (pp.  41,  72) 
po  lo  In' :  a  spear 

pu  ela :  a  triangular  flag  signifying  tabu 
pu  he'ne  he'ne  :  a  game 
pa  lo'u  lo'u :  tabu  sticks 
pulu :  the  fiber  of  a  fern 
Pu'na :  a  village  on  Hawaii 
Pu'na  ho'u :  a  school  in  Honolulu 
pu  u  ho  nu'a  :  a  place  of  refuge 
taTm  or  kapu :  forbidden 
ta'pa:  a  fabric  made  from  wood  fiber 

(p.  54  and  cover  design) 
ta'ro :   a  plant,  the  root  of  which  is 

used  to  make  poi  (p.  34) 
ti :  a  plant  whose  leaves  are  used  for 

wrapping  up  food  (pp.  39,  49) 


a  ke'ke':  a  musical  instrument  (p.  83) 
u  la-ma 'i  ka :  a  stone  used  for  bowling 

(p.  86) 

U'mi:   Hawaiian  chief  about  1500  A.D. 
Wai  ki  ki':  a  part  of  the  seashore  near 

Honolulu 

Wai  luTcu  :  a  village  on  Maul 
Wai  me 'a :    a  village  and  a  river  on 

Kauai 

Wai  pi'o :  a  village  on  Hawaii 
Wake 'a:   an  early  settler  on  the  Ha- 
waiian Islands 
wau'ke:  the  tree  from  which  tapa  is 

usually  made 
wili  will :  a  tree,  the  timber  of  which, 

because  of  its  buoyancy,  is  made  into 

outriggers  for  canoes 


INDEX 


adzes,  68  f. 

a/to,  25 

Ahua  a  Umi,  96 

Aigle,  L\  132 

alae,  37 

Alapai,  98 

alphabet,  Hawaiian,  145 

a  ma,  31 

Andrews,  Lorrin,  146 

anklets,  66 

Armstrong,  General,  147 

Bachelot,  Father,  151,  152 

bamboo  fire  blower,  38 

banana  tree,  7 

baskets,  27  f.,  49  f. 

beds,  75 

Bill  of  Rights,  154 

Bingham,  Mr.  and  Mrs.,  138,  147 

birds,  58 

Bishop,    Mr.    and    Mrs.   Charles 

i59ff. 

Boki,  132,  142  f.,  147,  148,  151 
Boyd,  James,  122 
bracelets,  66 
breadfruit,  20,  21 
Britannia,  the,  105,  118 
British  flag  raised,  153 
Byron,  Lord,  133,  142 

calabashes,  46  f. 

candles,  42 

canoes,  16,  30  ff. 

capes,  59 

Catholic  priests,  151 

cattle,  148 

Charlton,  Mr.,  133,  1 50  ff. 

chiefs,  power  of,  95  f. 


169 


children,  games  of,  89  f. 
Christianity,  spread  of,  138  f. 
coat  of  arms,  the  Hawaiian,  149  f. 
combs,  76,  77 

constitution,  the  Hawaiian,  I55f. 
Cook,  Captain  James,  51,  100  ff.,  133 
Cook,  Mr.  and  Mrs.,  147 
Cornwall,  Conn.,  school  in,  131 

Daughters  of  Hawaii,  121 
Davis,  Isaac,  123,  127,  128 
dress  in  early  times,  64  ff. 
drums,  19,  82 

education  in  Hawaii,  144  ff. 
Eleanor,  the,  127 
elefaio,  30 
Emma,  Queen,  128 

English,  discovery  of  Hawaii  by  the, 
ICO 

Fair  American,  the,  127 
farming,  34  f. 
featherwork,  58  ff. 
fire  and  cooking,  37  ff. 
fishing,  23  ff. 
fishponds,  80 
flag,  the  Hawaiian,  no  f. 
Forbes,  Rev.  O.  A.,  37 
fort  at  Honolulu,  109  f. 
France,  trouble  with,  151  f. 
furnishings,  house,  75  ff. 
furs,  trade  in,  103 

Gaetano,  Juan,  100 
games,  85  ff. 

George  III  of  England,  105 
gourds,  44  ff.,  76,  77 


170 


OLD-TIME  HAWAIIAN'S  AND  THEIR  WORK 


Haalilio.  149,  152 

Hakau.  94  f. 

Halawa,98 

Haleakala.  147 

Hale-o-Keawe,  137 

Hamakua.  93 

Hana.  97.  136 

Hanalei  Valley.  123 

Hawaii  i,  18.93.  IOI>  IO3-  I 

Hawaii-loa.  18 

Harzeaii''*  Young  Pevplt,  146 

ket.  90 

heiau.  20,  69.  So  L 

helmets,  60.  66 

Hewahewa.  130 

*/*/«•.  75 

Hilo.  So."  116 

Hilo  Bay,  133 

Hilo  Boarding  School,  147 

HoapilL  143 

kolua,  10,  86 

Honaunau.  Si 

Honolulu,  109,  137,  146 

horses,  109 

housebuilding,  71  ff. 

hula,  9.  83 

kuli,  34 

Hulumanu,  143 

ikt.  1  50 

imu,  39  f. 

industries,  Hawaiian,  148 

Ifkigenia^  the,  1  19  f. 


f33 


Kaahumanu.   124,  126,   129  ff.,  136  ff.. 

142,  144.  151 
katkttkt.  21 
Kaeo.  118.  119.  121 

Kahahana,  1  18 

Kahai.  21 

Kahekili.  99,  too,  106,  117  ff-  135 

Kahiki.  2.  3 

kaJtili.  61.  77,  126.  150 


kahuna.  30,  32 
Kaiana,  103.  ngf-  127 
Kailua.  96.  112,  130,  139,  142 
Kalakaua.  126 
Kalanikupule,  118,  121 


Kalanimoku.  107  f.,  no.  127.  142 
Kalaniopuu.  99,  100,  105,  126,  137,  149 
Kalaunuiohua,  106 
Kalaupapa.  80 
Kalola.  135 
KamamaJu.  132 
Kamanawa.  126,  150 
Kameeiamoku.  126,  127,  150 
Kamehameha  I.  21, 60,  So,  88,  89, 98  f-, 

101  ff.,  120.  135,  137 
Kamehameha  II.    Set  Liholiho 
Kamehameha  III   (Kauikeaouli),  127, 

136,  142  ff_  148  ff. 
Kamehameha  V.  31,  160 
Kaopulupulu.  nS 
Kapiolani,  139!. 
Kau,  116 
Kauai.  51, 100, 104, 106. 107, 110,118  ff_ 

•3* 

Kauikeaouli.    Sff  Kamehameha  III 

Kaumualii.  104,  107,  121  ff.,  132,  137 

KauwikL  97.  99,  -117,  136 

Kawaiahao  Church,  1 54 

Kawaihae,  117 

Kealakekua  Bay.  101,  104 

Keawe-a-Heulu.  126 

Keawe-mauhili,  116.  139 

Keeaumoku.  103.  117,  126,  137 

Keeaumoku  II,  145 

KeeL  99 

Keelikolani.  Princess  Ruth,  160 

Keopuolani,  129,  I35f- 

Keoua.  99 

Keoua  of  Kau,  1 16  f.,  126 

kihei,  65  f  . 

Kiholo.  So 

Kila,  21 

Kilauea.  116 

Kinau.  144,  151 

kifkif.  82,  83 

Kiwalao,  105!,  116,  135 

knife.  76 

Kohala.  20,  81,  98,  105,  113,  131 

koko.  50 

Kona.  73,  96,  103,  126,  139 

ttmanf.  77,  88 

Konia.  159 

Ku.6 

Kuakini.  143 

Kualoa,  21 


INDEX 


171 


Kukailimoku,  99 
kukui  nuts,  42 
ktt la,  35 
Kulou,  100 

Laa-mai-Kahiki,  21 

laau  lomi-lomi,  77,  78 

Lahaina,  109,  136,  143 

Lahaina-luna  Seminary,  146 

Laka,  83 

Lama  Hawaii,  146 

lamps,  42 

lanai,  73 

laukala  tree,  50,  52 

Lauhuki,  57 

Laupahoehoe,  95 

lets,  61,  65,  66,  76 

Liholiho    (Kamehameha    II),    122   ff., 

129  ff. 

Liliha,  132,  150 
Liliuokalani,  126,  159 
Liloa,  93 
Lono,  101 
luau,  41,  130 
/una,  71 

McKinley  High  School,  146 

maika,  88 

makaloa  sedge,  51 

Makawao,  147 

malo,  64,  65 

mamo,  59 

Manoa  Valley,  138,  147 

Marin,  108 

mats,  50  f. 

Maui  (the  hero),  37 

Maui  (the  island  of),  96,  97,  99,  100,  106, 

107,  116,  117,  118,  126,  146 
Maunaolu  Seminary,  146 
Meares,  Captain,  1 19 
meles,  2,  82 

Menehzines,  18,  20,  79,  80 
Metcalf,  Captain,  127 
missionaries,  131,  136,  138 
Moikeha,  21 
Moku-halii,  12 
Mokuohai,  106,  126 
Molokai,  80,  106,  107 
moo,  31 
motto,  national,  150 


Naeole,  98 

Nahienaena,  Princess,  136 

Naihe,  139 

nets,  25ff. 

newa,  88 

Niihau,  51,  100 

noni  trees,  99 

Nootka,  the,  1 19 

nose  flute,  83 

Nuuanu  Valley,  107,  120 

Oahu,  21,  100,  106,  107,  117,  118 
Oahu  Charity  School,  146 
Oahu  College,  147 
Obookiah,  131 
olona,  25  f.,  6 1 
o-o  (bird),  58 
o-o  (tool),  35,  71 

Paao,  20 

paddle,  31 

pahee,  87,  90 

paiai,  41 

Paki,  159 

palaoa,  15,  66,  93 

Pali,  the,  1 20  f. 

panapana,  89 

Papa,  1 8 

papa  holtia,  1 1  f.,  85,  86 

papamu,  77 

pa'u,  64  f. 

Pauahi,  Bernice,  I59ff. 

Paulet,  Lord,  153 

pearls,  109 

Pele,  1 1 6,  140 

Pepeekeo,  80 

pestles,  42 

Pili,  21 

pillows,  75,  149 

poi,  41,  72 

pololu,  94 

potatoes,  sweet,  35 

puela,  150 

piihenehene,  86  f. 

ptiloulon,  20,  150 

pulu,  149 

pump  drill,  71 

Puna,  20,  1 16 

Punahou,  147 

puuhonua,  8,  81 


172       OLD-TIME  HAWAIIANS  AND  THEIR  WORK 


rattles,  19,  77 
Restoration  Day,  150,  153 
Richards,  Mr.,  1 52,  1 54 
Royal  School,  147,  159 
Russia,  trouble  with,  iogf.,  123 

Samoa,  19,  20 

sandalwood,  109,  148 

Savaii,  18 

schools,  Hawaiian,  145  ff. 

scraper,  25 

Short,  Father,  151 

shuttle,  24 

Society  Islands,  21 

Spanish  ships,  100 

spoons,  75,  76 

sticks,  fishing,  25,  27 

stonework,  79  ff. 

sugar,  148 

surf  boards,  77,  85 

tabus,  5,  19,  1 08,  I29ff.,  136,  142,  150 
Tantalus,  25 


tapa,  39,  54  ff. 
taro,  34  f.,  40  f. 
tattooing,  66 
ThadJeus,  the,  131 
Thomas,  Admiral,  1 53  f. 
ti  leaves,  39,  41,  49,  86 
torches,  42 

ukeke,  83 

ulu-maika,  77,  86,  88 
Umi,  93  ff. 
Upolu,  20 

Waikiki,  120 
Wailuku,  135,  146 
Waimea,  121 
Waipio,  94,  1 18 
Wakea,  18 
ivauke,  54 

weapon,  an  Hawaiian,  88 
whaling  ships,  148  f. 

Young,  John,  no,  127  f.,  132 


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